Table Of ContentNano-Optics and Nanophotonics
Shuji Sakabe
Christoph Lienau
Rüdiger Grunwald Editors
Progress in
Nonlinear
Nano-Optics
Nano-Optics and Nanophotonics
Editor-in-Chief
Motoichi Ohtsu, Tokyo, Japan
Editorial Board
Gunnar Björk, Kista, Sweden
Hirokazu Hori, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan
Chennupati Jagadish, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Christoph Lienau, Oldenburg, Germany
Lih Y. Lin, Seattle, WA, USA
Erich Runge, Ilmenau, Germany
Frank Träger, Kassel, Germany
Masaru Tsukada, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
The Springer Series in Nano-Optics and Nanophotonics provides an expanding
selection of research monographs in the area of nano-optics and nanophotonics,
science-andtechnology-basedonopticalinteractionsofmatterinthenanoscaleand
related topics of contemporary interest. With this broad coverage of topics,
the series is of use to all research scientists, engineers and graduate students who
needup-to-datereferencebooks.Theeditorsencourageprospectiveauthorstocorre-
spondwiththeminadvanceofsubmittingamanuscript.Submissionofmanuscripts
shouldbemadetotheeditor-in-chief,oneoftheeditorsortoSpringer.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8765
Shuji Sakabe Christoph Lienau
(cid:129)
ü
R diger Grunwald
Editors
Progress in Nonlinear
Nano-Optics
123
Editors
ShujiSakabe Rüdiger Grunwald
InstituteforChemical Research, Max BornInstituteforNonlinear Optics
LaboratoryforLaser Matter Science andShort-Pulse Spectroscopy
KyotoUniversity Berlin
Kyoto Germany
Japan
Christoph Lienau
Institutfür Physik
Carl-von-Ossietzky Universität
Oldenburg
Germany
ISSN 2192-1970 ISSN 2192-1989 (electronic)
Nano-Opticsand Nanophotonics
ISBN 978-3-319-12216-8 ISBN 978-3-319-12217-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-12217-5
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Preface
Nanostructures can have quite amazing linear and especially nonlinear optical
properties. Metallicnanoparticles,for instance, can localize visible light on ascale
of a few nanometers only in the form of surface plasmon excitations. This light
localization is of key importance for a plethora of fundamentally relevant appli-
cationsrangingfromcancertherapyandwatersplittingorphotocatalysisingeneral
to single molecule (bio-)sensing. When using such nanoparticles for localizing
femtosecondlightpulses,localfieldintensitiesareeasilyreachedthataresufficient
to generate high harmonic radiation or to propel electrons out of these particles,
generating new nanoscale sources of femtosecond electron bunches of potential
interest for future applications in ultrahigh time-resolution electron microscopy or
diffraction. Semiconductor nanoparticles offer particularly strong optical nonlin-
earities and are key elements in next generation light emitting diodes and nanola-
sers. Moreover, they are of prime interest as biolabels. When combined with
metallic nanostructures, new functionality arises, as the strong optical dipole cou-
plingbetweensemiconductorexcitonsandmetalplasmonsformsshort-livedhybrid
polariton excitations that may be useful in ultrafast switching applications or for
designing new classes of photonic transistors with unprecedented sensitivity.
Polymericnanomaterialsarenotonlyformingthebasisoforganicphotonics.When
illuminated with focused femtosecond laser pulses, multiphoton polymerization is
inducedandthisisthebasisforsculptingthree-dimensionalstructureswithaspatial
resolution of 100 nm or even below.
Driven by these and other exciting potential applications, nonlinear nano-optics
isanextremelyrapidlydevelopingfieldofresearchinphotonics.Itistheaimofthis
smallbooktoprovideaninsightintosomeofthecurrentactivitiesinthisemerging
field. The idea of the book was born at the 2nd International Workshop on
“Nonlinear Nanostructures for Ultrafast Laser Applications” at Max-Born-Institute
inBerlin2011,whichsucceededanearliermeetingwithatighterfocusonZnOand
TiO nanostructures. These events brought together some of the leading experts in
2
nonlinearnanophotonicsandstimulatedtheexchangeofideasandresultsonfurther
conferencesandmeetings,e.g.,inthecommunityoflaser-inducedperiodicsurface
structures, and in joint research projects of some of the authors.
v
vi Preface
A book project on this extremely fast developing field is inevitably faced with
the difficulty of a strict selection. The editors decided to include 14 chapters cov-
ering experimental aswellastheoreticalstudies inthree different divisions: Laser-
Induced Nanostructures, Nonlinear Nano-Optics, and Advanced Theoretical
Studies.Thespectrumofthecontributionsaddressessomeofthetopicsdiscussedat
the Berlin Workshop as well as very recent continuing activities.
In the first division, Varlamova et al. give an overview of the self-organized
pattern formation upon femtosecond laser ablation of dielectrics, and Kazansky
et al. introduce the exciting prospects of polarization-shaped laser pulses for laser
writing in dielectrics. Also, the remaining four chapters in this division focus on
laser-induced writing in semiconductors: Silicon (Richter et al.), TiO2 (Kumar Das
et al.), dielectrics (Höhm et al.), and metals (Sakabe et al.).
Theseconddivisiongivesabroadoverviewofrecentlyemergingapplicationsin
nonlinear nano-optics. Vogelgesang et al. start by introducing the very interesting
optical properties of polariton excitations in strongly coupled metal/semiconductor
nanostructures. Kabouraki et al. explain how to sculpt almost arbitrary three-
dimensional nanostructures with sub-100 nm precision by multiphoton polymeri-
zation. Hentschel et al. give a clear presentation of the surprising success of a
nonlinear oscillator model in quantitatively predicting nonlinear optical spectra of
plasmonic nanoantennas. The part Photoemission and Nonlinear Spectroscopy in
this division starts with a chapter by Herink et al., introducing recently discovered
phenomena in strong field emission of electron pulses from sharp gold tips. It is
followed by a presentation by Kumar Das et al. comparing linear and nonlinear
optical properties of zinc oxide nanorods, and an article by Messaoudi et al. on
using laser-written periodic nanostructures in metals for surface-enhanced Raman
sensing of biomolecules.
The third division summarizes recent theoretical developments in this field.
Manley et al. give a concise overview of the optical properties of metallic nano-
particles, their numerical simulation, and possible applications in plasmon-
enhanced solar cells before, in the final chapter, Husakou et al. present a funda-
mentally interesting analysis of laser-driven high harmonic generation in various
metallic nanoantennas.
We trust that this small collection of chapters gives an interesting overview
of the current status of research in nonlinear nano-optics and will stimulate the
reader to dig deeper into the rapidly growing original literature in this emerging
field.Wealsohopethatitprovidesafirmideaofhowmuchmorefundamentaland
appliedresearchisurgentlyneededtouncoverthefullpotentialofnonlinearnano-
optics in such diverse areas as physics, chemistry, materials science, measurement
technology, and biomedicine.
We close this preface by expressing our sincere thanks to the German Ministry
of Education and Research (BMBF) and to all other sponsors for financial support
ofthismeetingandtoallcoauthorsofthisbookfortheirimportantcontributionsto
Preface vii
thisbook.VeryspecialthanksarealsoduetoClausAscheronfromSpringerforhis
expert editorial advice and to Prof. Thomas Elsässer for very substantial support
andthegeneroushospitalityatMax-Born-Institute.Mostofall,weareverygrateful
for having experienced the spirit of a fruitful and inspiring collaboration with
colleagues from many parts of the world.
Kyoto Shuji Sakabe
Oldenburg Christoph Lienau
Berlin Rüdiger Grunwald
Contents
Part I Laser-Induced Nanostructures: General Aspects
and Structuring in Three Dimensions
1 Self-organized Surface Patterns Originating
from Laser-Induced Instability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Olga Varlamova, Juergen Reif, Sergey Varlamov
and Michael Bestehorn
1.1 Self-organized Laser-Induced Surface Structures. . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1.1 Experimental Observations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1.2 Modeling of Ripples Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.1.3 Self-organization as Origin of LIPSS. . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2 Laser Polarization in the Model of Self-organization. . . . . . . . 13
1.2.1 Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.2.2 Linear Stability Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.2.3 Morphological Diagram for the Ripple Orientation . . . 21
1.2.4 Nonlinear Regime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.2.5 Influence of Polarization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.2.6 Period of Numerically Calculated Pattern. . . . . . . . . . 24
1.2.7 Time Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.3 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2 Harnessing Ultrafast Laser Induced Nanostructures
in Transparent Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Martynas Beresna, Mindaugas Gecevičius and Peter G. Kazansky
2.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.2 Cylindrical Vector Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.3 Polarization Converter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.4 Fabrication and Characterization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
ix
x Contents
2.5 5D Optical Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.6 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Part II Laser-Induced Nanostructures: Nanostructure Formation
in Semiconductors and Dielectrics
3 Nanogratings in Fused Silica: Structure, Formation
and Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Sören Richter, Matthias Heinrich, Felix Zimmermann,
Christian Vetter, Andreas Tünnermann and Stefan Nolte
3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.2.1 Nanograting Inscription. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.2.2 Conventional Characterization Techniques. . . . . . . . . 52
3.2.3 Small Angle X-ray Scattering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.3 Experimental Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.3.1 Fundamental Structure of Nanogratings. . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.3.2 Processing Parameter Window for Nanograting
Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.3.3 Evolutional Stages of Nanograting Growth. . . . . . . . . 58
3.3.4 Cumulative Action of Laser Pulses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.4 Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.4.1 Retardation Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.4.2 Wave Plates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.4.3 Generation of Cylindric Vector Beams . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.4.4 Polarization-Coded Wave Plates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.5 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4 Femtosecond-Laser Induced Nanostructures in TiO . . . . . . . . . . 73
2
Susanta Kumar Das, Hamza Messaoudi, Kiran Dasari,
Wolfgang Seeber and Rüdiger Grunwald
4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.2 Methods of LIPSS Generation in Scanning Mode. . . . . . . . . . 74
4.3 Roughness and Initial Stages of fs-LIPSS in TiO
2
Bulk Crystals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.4 Experimental Results with Line Focus and Moving
Substrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.5 Theoretical Estimation of the Optical Constants . . . . . . . . . . . 78
4.6 Generation of Uniform LIPSS Areas in Thin TiO Films. . . . . 78
2
4.7 Conclusions and Outlook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
