Progress in Nano-Electro-Optics V

200 Pages·2006·6.68 MB·English

by  Suguru Sangu

optical sciences
M. Ohtsu
(Ed.)
Progress in
Nano-Electro-
Optics V
Nanophotonic
Fabrications,
Devices, Systems,
and Their Theoretical
Bases
(cid:0)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4)
SpringerSeriesin
optical sciences
117
foundedbyH.K.V.Lotsch
Editor-in-Chief: W.T.Rhodes,Atlanta
EditorialBoard: A.Adibi,Atlanta
T.Asakura,Sapporo
T.W.Ha¨nsch,Garching
T.Kamiya,Tokyo
F.Krausz,Garching
B.Monemar,Linko¨ping
H.Venghaus,Berlin
H.Weber,Berlin
H.Weinfurter,Mu¨nchen
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optical sciences
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WilliamT.Rhodes
GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology
SchoolofElectricalandComputerEngineering
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E-mail:[email protected]
EditorialBoard
AliAdibi BoMonemar
GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology DepartmentofPhysics
SchoolofElectricalandComputerEngineering andMeasurementTechnology
Atlanta,GA30332-0250,USA MaterialsScienceDivision
E-mail:[email protected] Linko¨pingUniversity
ToshimitsuAsakura 58183Linko¨ping,Sweden
E-mail:[email protected]
Hokkai-GakuenUniversity
FacultyofEngineering HerbertVenghaus
1-1,Minami-26,Nishi11,Chuo-ku
Sapporo,Hokkaido064-0926,Japan Heinrich-Hertz-Institut
E-mail:[email protected] fu¨rNachrichtentechnikBerlinGmbH
Einsteinufer37
TheodorW.Ha¨nsch
10587Berlin,Germany
Max-Planck-Institutfu¨rQuantenoptik E-mail:[email protected]
Hans-Kopfermann-Straße1
85748Garching,Germany HorstWeber
E-mail:[email protected]
TechnischeUniversita¨tBerlin
TakeshiKamiya OptischesInstitut
MinistryofEducation,Culture,Sports Straßedes17.Juni135
ScienceandTechnology 10623Berlin,Germany
NationalInstitutionforAcademicDegrees E-mail:[email protected]
3-29-1Otsuka,Bunkyo-ku
Tokyo112-0012,Japan HaraldWeinfurter
E-mail:[email protected] Ludwig-Maximilians-Universita¨tMu¨nchen
FerencKrausz SektionPhysik
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Ludwig-Maximilians-Universita¨tMu¨nchen
80799Mu¨nchen,Germany
Lehrstuhlfu¨rExperimentellePhysik
E-mail:[email protected]
AmCoulombwall1
85748Garching,Germany
and
Max-Planck-Institutfu¨rQuantenoptik
Hans-Kopfermann-Straße1
85748Garching,Germany
E-mail:[email protected]
Motoichi Ohtsu (Ed.)
Progress
in Nano-Electro-Optics V
Nanophotonic Fabrications,
Devices, Systems,
and Their Theoretical Bases
With122Figures
123
ProfessorDr.MotoichiOhtsu
DepartmentofElectronicsEngineering
SchoolofEngineering
TheUniversityofTokyo
7-3-1Hongo,Bunkyo-ku,Tokyo113-8656,Japan
E-mail:[email protected]
ISSN0342-4111
ISBN-103-540-28665-9SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork
ISBN-13978-3-540-28665-3SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Progressinnano-electro-opticsV:nanophotonicfabrications,devices,systems,andtheirtheoreticalbases/
MotoichiOhtsu(ed.).p.cm.–(Springerseriesinopticalsciences;v.117)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN3-540-28665-9(alk.paper)
1.Electrooptics.2.Nanotechnology.3.Near-fieldmicroscopy.I.Ohtsu,Motoichi.II.Series.
TA1750.P752002 621.381’045–dc21 2002030321
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Preface to Progress in Nanoelectro-Optics
Recent advances in electro-optical systems demand drastic increases in the
degreeofintegrationofphotonicandelectronicdevicesforlarge-capacityand
ultrahigh-speed signal transmission and information processing. Device size
has to be scaled down to nanometric dimensions to meet this requirement,
which will become even more strict in the future. In the case of photonic
devices, this requirement cannot be met only by decreasing the sizes of mate-
rials. It is indispensable to decrease the size of the electromagnetic field used
as a carrier for signal transmission. Such a decrease in the size of the elec-
tromagnetic field beyond the diffraction limit of the propagating field can be
realized in optical near fields.
Near-fieldopticshasprogressedrapidlyinelucidatingthescienceandtech-
nology of such fields. Exploiting an essential feature of optical near fields,
i.e., the resonant interaction between electromagnetic fields and matter in
nanometric regions, important applications and new directions such as stud-
ies in spatially resolved spectroscopy, nanofabrication, nanophotonic devices,
ultrahigh-density optical memory, and atom manipulation have been realized
and significant progress has been reported. Since nanotechnology for fabri-
cating nanometric materials has progressed simultaneously, combining the
products of these studies can open new fields to meet the above-described
requirements of future technologies.
This unique monograph series entitled “Progress in Nanoelectro-Optics”
is being introduced to review the results of advanced studies in the field of
electro-optics at nanometric scales and covers the most recent topics of the-
oretical and experimental interest on relevant fields of study (e.g., classical
and quantum optics, organic and inorganic material science and technology,
surfacescience,spectroscopy,atommanipulation,photonics,andelectronics).
Each chapter is written by leading scientists in the relevant field. Thus, high-
qualityscientificandtechnicalinformationisprovidedtoscientists,engineers,
andstudentswhoareandwillbeengagedinnanoelectro-opticsandnanopho-
tonics research.
VI Preface to Progress in Nanoelectro-Optics
I am gratefull to the members of the editorial advisory board for their
valuable suggestions and comments in organizing this monograph series.
I wish to express my special thanks to Dr. T. Asakura, editor of the Springer
Series in Optical Sciences and Professor Emeritus, Hokkaido University for
recommending me to publish this monograph series. Finally, I extend my ac-
knowledgementtoDr.ClausAscheronofSpringer-Verlag,forhisguidanceand
suggestions, and to Dr. H. Ito, associate editor, for his assistance throughout
the preparation of this monograph series.
Yokohama, October 2002 Motoichi Ohtsu
Preface to Volume V
Thisvolumecontainsfourreviewarticlesfocusingonnanophotonics.Nanopho-
tonicshasbeenproposedbyM.Ohtsuin1993,whichisanoveltechnologythat
utilizes local electromagnetic interactions between a few nanometric objects
andanopticalnearfield.Sinceanopticalnearfieldisfreefromthediffraction
of light due to its size-dependent localization and size-dependent resonance
features, nanophotonics enables fabrication and operation of nanometric de-
vices.Further,ultrahigh-capacityinformationprocessingsystemsarepossible
by integrating these devices. However, it should be noted that nanophotonics
is not only to realize nanometer-sized optical technology (quantitative inno-
vation). It can realize novel functions and phenomena, which are not possible
as long as propagating lights are used (qualitative innovation). Producing
thequalitativeinnovationisthesignificanceofnanophotonics,i.e.,prominent
advantages over conventional photonics. Due to the qualitative innovation,
nanophotonics is expected to shift the paradigm of optical industry and mar-
ket.
Nanophotonics is closely related to quantum optics, atom optics, nanos-
tructure fabrication technology, information processing system, and so on.
Andforthisrelationship,nanophotonicsexhibitsrapidprogressintheseyears.
Toestablishtheoreticalbasesoftherapidlyprogressingnanophotonics,the
firstarticlereviewstheoriesforoperationprinciplesofcharacteristicnanopho-
tonic functional devices, in which optical near fields play roles of information
carriersandcontrolsignals.Dynamicsofthesedevicesarealsostudiedaswell
as formulated characteristic interaction between nanometric objects and an
optical near field.
Thesecondarticleaimsatdescribingtheopticalnear-fieldphenomenaand
their applications to fabricate nanophotonic devices. To realize nanometer-
scale controllability in size and position, the feasibility of nanometer-scale
chemicalvapordepositionisdemonstratedusingopticalnear-fieldtechniques.
Further,fabricationandoperationofnanometer-scalewaveguidesaredemon-
strated, which are used as conversion devices of the nanophotonic integrated
circuits.
VIII Preface to Volume V
The third article summarizes unique properties of optical near fields, i.e.,
opticallyforbiddenenergytransferbetweenquantumdots,anti-paralleldipole
couplingofquantumdots,andnonadiabaticphotochemicalinteractions.Their
applications to nanophotonic devices and nanofabrication are demonstrated.
The last article concerns nanophotonic information and communications
systems.Theycanovercometheintegration-densitylimitwithultralow-power
operation as well as unique functionalities, which are only achievable using
optical near-field interactions. Two architectural approaches to these systems
are discussed. One is a memory-based architecture which is based on table
lookup using optical near-field interactions between quantum dots. Another
is one focusing on hierarchy. As an example, a hierarchical memory system is
presented.
AswasthecaseofvolumesI–IV,thisvolumeispublishedwiththesupport
of an associate editor and members of editorial advisory board. They are:
Associate editor: Ito, H. (Tokyo Inst. Tech., Japan)
Editorial advisory board:Barbara, P.F. (Univ. of Texas, USA)
Bernt, R. (Univ. of Kiel, Germany)
Courjon, D. (Univ. de Franche-Comte, France)
Hori, H. (Univ. of Yamanashi, Japan)
Kawata, S. (Osaka Univ., Japan)
Pohl, D. (Univ. of Basel, Switzerland)
Tsukada, M. (Univ. of Tokyo, Japan)
Zhu, X. (Peking Univ., China)
I hope that this volume will be a valuable resource for the readers and future
specialists.
Tokyo, June 2005 Motoichi Ohtsu
Contents
Theory and Principles of Operation
of Nanophotonic Functional Devices
S. Sangu, K. Kobayashi, A. Shojiguchi, T. Kawazoe, M. Ohtsu ........ 1
1 Introduction ................................................. 1
1.1 Nanophotonics for Functional Devices ...................... 1
1.2 Inherent Features to Nanophotonics........................ 2
2 Optical Near-Field Coupling ................................... 6
2.1 Theoretical Descriptions of an Optical Near Field............ 7
2.2 Excitation and Transition in a Quantum Dot................ 8
2.3 Optical Near-Field Coupling Between Quantum Dots......... 11
2.4 Summary ............................................... 14
3 Nanophotonic Switch Based on Dissipation Control............... 15
3.1 Dynamics in a Two-Quantum-Dot System with Dissipation ... 17
3.2 Nanophotonic Switch..................................... 25
3.3 Summary ............................................... 28
4 Nanophotonic Functional Devices Using
Coherently Coupled States .................................... 30
4.1 Dynamics in a Coherently Coupled Quantum-Dot System..... 33
4.2 Nanophotonic Logic Gates ................................ 39
4.3 Nanophotonic Controlled Logic Gates ...................... 49
4.4 Nanophotonic Buffer Memory ............................. 52
4.5 Nanophotonic Signal Splitter for Quantum Entanglement ..... 55
4.6 Summary ............................................... 57
5 Conclusions.................................................. 59
References ...................................................... 61
Integration and Evaluation of Nanophotonic Device
Using Optical Near Field
T. Yatsui, G.-C. Yi, M. Ohtsu..................................... 63
1 Introduction ................................................. 63