Table Of ContentHanswalter Giesekus · Kurt Kirschke
Joseph Schurz E ditors
Progress and Trends in
Rheology
Progress and Trends in Rheology
Progress and Trends
in Rheology
Edited by
Hanswalter Giesekus . Kurt Kirschke . Joseph Schurz
Proceedings of the
First Conference of European Rheologists
Graz (Austria), April 14 -16, 1982
Special Edition from Rheologica Acta, Vol. 21, No. 4/5
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH 1982
ISBN 978-3-7985-0612-1 ISBN 978-3-662-12809-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-12809-1
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© 1982 by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
Originally published by Dr. Dietrich Steinkopff Verlag, GmbH & Co. KG, Darmstadt in 1982
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Contents
(Page numbers refer to the numbers at the lower margin)
Introduction
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Opening Lecture
Broda, Eo: Ludwig Boltzmann - Man, physicist, philosopher, biologist 3
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Invited Papers
Huet, Co: Topics in thermodynamics of rheological behaviours 6
Giesekus, Ho: A unified approach to a variety of constitutive models for polymer fluids based on the con-
cept of configuration-dependent molecular mobility 12
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
Booij, Ho Co and J Ho Mo Palmen: Some aspects of linear and nonlinear viscoelastic behaviour of poly-
0
mer melts in shear 22
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Janeschitz-Kriegl, Ho: Some pending problems in polymer melt rheology, as seen from the point of view
of Doi's slip-link model 34
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Contributed Papers (Short Versions)
Gillings, Do Wo: Herbert Freundlich - Pioneer authority in surface, colloid and rheological science: Re-
collections on the centenary commemorations 40
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Meixner, J Constitutive equations of the differential type as approximations 44
0: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mainardi, Fo and Go Turchetti: An approximation method to relate the linear viscoelastic functions 46
00000
Weber, J Do and Ao Eberhardt: Internal state variables and normality in viscoplastic flow 49
0 000000000000
Betten, J 0: Materialgleichungen Zur Beschreibung des sekundaren und tertiaren Kriechverhaltens aniso-
troper Stoffe 52
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nester, Wo und Ko Pohlandt: Ermittlung von FlieBkurven in verschiedenen Ausfiihrungsformen des
Stauchversuches 55
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Chiem, Co Yo and J Duffy: Strain-rate history effects and microstructural aspects in lithium fluoride and
0
aluminium single crystals after dynamic loading 59
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Jones, To Eo Ro and J Mo Davies: Torsional vibrational properties of rubber cylinders 62
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Boulpaep, Fo, Ao Cardon, and Co Hiel: Dynamic methods for the determination of the viscoelastic pro-
perties of epoxy materials used for refections of civil engineering constructions 66
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Oppermann, Wo, Ko Braatz, Ho Finkelmann, Wo Gleim, Ho Jo Kock, and Go Rehage: Viscoelastic proper-
ties of silicone polymers with liquid crystalline behaviour 69
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Zachmann, Ho Go and B. Gunther: Influence of molar mass and of nucleating agents on the orientation
of polyethylene terephthalate 73
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lenz, J The deformation behaviour of annealed polypropylene film tapes 75
0: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lataillade, J L. and J Pouyet: Rheological properties of high polymers at high rates of strain 77
0- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Droscher, Mo and U Bandara: Extrusion of thermoplastic elastomers in the solid state 81
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hetenyi, J Some applications of thermo-mechanical rheology for testing of plastics 84
0: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bruller, So: Energy considerations of the time-dependent failure of polymers 87
00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
van Dam, J Co and Fo Ho Mischgofsky: Rheology and stircasting of (organic) alloys 91
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
v
Marin, G., 1. P. Montfort, and Ph. Monge: Viscoelastic properties of concentrated polymer solutions
and melts: a reduced form of linear viscoelasticity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
La Mantia, F. P., D. Acierno, and D. Curto: Extensional flow of HDPE/LDPE blends. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Ng, T. S.: Dehnviskositat von Kautschukmischungen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 102
Vlcek, 1.: The description of the profile balance and the elastic properties at die-swell ............... 106
0 0
Laun, H. Mo: Elastic properties of polyethylene melts at high shear rates with respect to extrusion 110
000000
Zavadsky, E., Karnis, and Vo Pechoc: The time, temperature and shear dependence of the viscosity of
10
polypropylene and its influence upon the extrusion process 116
0 0 0 ••• 0 0 •••• 0 0 • 0 0 •• 0 0 0 0 ••• 0 0 • 0 0 0 • 0 •• 0
Dealy, Mo: A shear stress transducer for molten polymers 121
1. 0 0 •••• 0 ••• 0 0 0 •• 0 ••• 0 0 • 0 •• 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Knappe, W.: Rheological measurements with technical polymers on the injection moulding machine 124
0000
Agur, Eo Eo and Vlachopoulos: A computer model ofplasticating extrusion .. 127
10 00 •• 0 0 .00.000.00.0000
GleiJ31e, Wo: Stresses in polymer melts at the beginning of flow instabilities (melt fracture) in cylindrical
capillaries o. 130
0 0 •••• 0 0 0 0 0 •• 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 •• 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 ••• 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 •• 0 0 0 •••• 0 0 • 0 0 0 •••• 0 0 0
Waters, N. Do: The effect of "shear thinning" on the interfacial stability of two stratified liquids 134
0.0.000
Hinkelmann, B.: Zur analytischen Beschreibung des FUllstoffeinflusses auf das Fliel3verhalten von
Kunststoff-Schmelzen ........ 137
0 ••••• 00 •••••• 000.00 •••• 000.00 ••• 000.00 ••• 00 0 0 •• 0 0 0 .00 ••••• 0
Gast, T. und K. Uo Kramm: Viskositatsmessung mit dem longitudinal schwingenden Band 140
000.000.0.00
Bauer, Ho and G. Meerlender: Newtonian reference materials with v < 1 mm2/s and their application in
extending the range of cappilary viscometers .. 145
0 0 0 0 • 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0
Klein, Ho Go MUller und Go Leidigkeit: Viskosimetrie bei hohem Schergefalle und hoher Temperatur
10,
- eine instrumentelle Entwicklung o. 148
0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 ••• 0 ••• 0 0 0 000 • 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 • 0 • 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 • 0 0
Wolf, B. Ao, Ho Geerissen, Ro lend, and 1. R. Schmidt: Pressure influences on the viscosity of polymer
solutions o. 151
0 0 • 0 •••••••• 0 0 0 0 0 0 •• 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 000 • 0 0 0 0 •••• 0 0 •• 0 000 • 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 •• 0 0 0 • 0 ••
Kirschke, K.: Phenomena of high polymer solutions while flowing through capillaries at high rates of
shear o. 154
00 •• 00. 0 ••••• 0 ••••• 00 ••••• 00 •••••••••• 00 ••• 0000.000.00000000 ••••• 00 •• 00.00.000..
HsU, Yo T. and Po SchUmmer: Some general rheological properties of dilute polymer solutions predicted
from intrinsic viscosity measurements 157
0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 •• 0 0 •••• 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 •••• 0 0 • 0 0 ••• 0 0 •• 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0
SchUmmer, Po and K. H. Tebel: Design and operation of the free jet elongational rheometer 160
0 0 •• 0 • 0 0 0 • 0
SchUmmer, Po and Wo Zang: Measurement of dynamic properties of dilute polymer solutions with a
Laser-Doppler velocimeter 163
0 0 •• 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 •• 0 0 0 •• 0 0 0 0 • 0 •• 0 •• 0 0 0 0 •• 0 •••• 0 ••• 0 • 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sobolik, V., O. Wein, and P. Mitschka: Periodic flows of pseudo plastic fluids in pipes . 167
0 0 ••• 0 0 • 0 0 0 •• 0
Zahorski, So: Effect of small-amplitude vibrations on viscoelastic flows in a plane slider bearing. 170
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Oliver, Do Ro and So I. Bakhtiyarov: Enhanced load bearing by polymer solutions lubricating external
near-contact of sliding cylinders 173
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ••• 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 ••••••••• 0 0 0 0 •• 0 ••• 0 0 0 • 0 • 0 • 0 0 0 0 • 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 • 0
Andra, Ro and Ho Spurk: Complex viscosity of viscoelastic damping fluids 176
10 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 •••• 0 •••• 0 • 0 0 • •
Hassager, 00 and Co Bisgaard: A finite element code for initial value problems with a Maxwell model '0, 180
Bisgaard, Co and 00 Hassager: An experimental investigation of velocity fields around spheres and bub-
bles moving in non-Newtonian liquids 183
0 • 0 0 0 0 •• 0 0 ••• 0 • 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 ••••••••••• 0 ••••• 0 0 •• 0 0 • 0 • 0 0 • 0 • • •
Ropke, K.-lo and P. Schiimmer: Natural convection of a viscoelastic fluid ......... 186
0 0 •• 0 0 0 • 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Perera, M. G. No, A. Lyazid, and 00 Scrivener: Numerical simulation of elongational flow behaviour in
the cross cell experiments 189
0 0 0 • 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 ••••• 0 ••• 0 ••••••••••• 0 0 0 0 •• 0 0 ••• 0 0 • 0 •• 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 • • • • •
Walters, K. and Do Mo Rawlinson: On some contraction flows for Boger fluids 193
0 •• 00.0 •• 000 •• 00 •• 0...
Dembek, Go: Structural changes ofpolyisobutylene solutions induced by orifice flow. o. 199
0 0 0 ••• 0 ••• 0 •••
Fruman, D. Ho and M. Barigah: Rheological interpretation of pressure anomalies of aqueous dilute poly-
mer solutions (ADPS) in orifice flow 202
0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 •• 0 • 0 •••• 0 0 , ••• 0 •••• 0 •••••••• 0 ••• 0 0 ••• 0 •••• 0 0 •• 0
Rehage, Ho and H. Hoffmann: Shear induced phase transitions in highly dilute aqueous detergent solu-
tions 207
0000.0000000.0.00000 •••• 000000 ••• 000 •••• 000 •••• 00 ••••••••• 0 0 •• 0 •• 000 •• 00.000 •• 00...
VI
Stanislav, J. F.: Use of polymers in oil recovery processes ........................................ 210
Haas, R. and F. Durst: Viscoelastic flow of dilute polymer solutions in regularly packed beds .......... 212
Durst, F., R. Haas, and W. Interthal: Laminar and turbulent flows of dilute polymer solutions: a physi-
cal model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 218
Gampert, B. und P. Wagner: Experimentelle Untersuchung turbulenter Rohrstromungen hochreiner
waJ3riger Polyacrylamid-Losungen ......................................................... 224
Hibberd, M., M. Kwade, and R. Scharf: Influence of drag reducing additives on the structure of turbu-
lence in a mixing layer .................................................................... 228
Bewersdorff, H. W.: Effect of a centrally injected polymer thread on drag in pipe flow ............... 233
van Diemen, A. J. G. and H. N. Stein: The rheological behaviour of Ca(OH)2 suspensions in water. . . .. 236
Ulbrecht, J. J., P. Stroeve, and P. Prabodh: Behaviour of double emulsions in shear flows ............ 239
Masi, P., L. Nicodemo, L. Nicolais, and G. Taglialatela: Behavior of viscoelastic glass bead suspensions
under superposed flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 244
Silberberg, A.: Biorheological matching: muco-ciliary interaction and epithelial clearance. . . . . . . . . . . .. 251
Pascale, K., H. W. Weizsacker, A. Gauster, and G. Dohr: The rheological properties of the arterial wall 253
Anadere, I., H. Chmiel, and P. Heimburg: Viscoelastic parameters of blood in patients with myocardial
infarction compared to normal donors ...................................................... 257
Altmann, S. and H. Zeidler: Preliminary experiments for the preparation of hyaluronic acid from syno-
vial fluid without rheological changes ....................................................... 260
Lefebvre, J.: Viscosity of concentrated protein solutions 266
Papers Submitted but not Presented
Dahan, M. and M. Predeleanu: Viscoelastic properties of laminated bodies 272
Malkin, A. Ya. and V. P. Beghishev: Induction period in curing of oligomers at high shear rates ....... 275
Cernoch, J. und J. Tluchor: Eine neue Methode zur Auswertung von Plasti-Corder-Plastogrammen .... 278
Kozlowski, M.: Rheological properties of vinyl chloride polymer melts ............................. 281
Piglowski, J.: Rheologisches Verhalten von mehrphasigen Schmelzen aus Polyvinylchlorid und Polyure-
than ................................................................................... 283
Drouot, R.: Diffusion of macromolecules in non-uniform velocity gradients ........................ 285
Reher, E.-O., R. Kramer und R. Lipp: Zur Modellierung und experiment ellen Untersuchung von Dehn-
stromungsprozessen am Beispiel von hochpolymeren Losungen ................................. 287
Zecha, H., K. Wulf und H. Schlacken: Zum rheologischen Verhalten konzentrierter Dispersionen organi-
scher Polymere .......................................................................... 290
Sobotka, Z.: Positive and negative flow and viscosity of clay suspensions ........................... 293
Riha, P.: The unified description of viscoelastic and thixotropic properties of human blood ........... 296
Schwenke, K. D. and H. Schmandke: Influence of a chemical modification on the formation of protein
gels.. .. . . . . . .. . .... . . . .. ... . . . .... ..... . ... . . . ......... .. ...... . . .......... . . . . . ....... 299
List of Contributed Papers of which no Short Versions are Included ............................... 302
Subject Index ............................................................................. 303
VII
Rheologica Acta Rheo!. Acta 21, 355 - 356 (1982)
Proceedings of the First Conference of European Rheologists,
Graz (Austria), April 14 -16, 1982
INTRODUCTION
The First Conference of European Rheologists, 1981. There were also two Conferences on Chemical
which was held at the University of Graz from Engineering Rheology, organized jointly by British
14 th - 16 th April 1982, was originally intended to be and German groups, the first taking place at Salford
only an Annual Conference of the German Society of (England) in 1974, the second at Aachen (West
Rheology organized as a joint meeting together with Germany) in 1979, and a third one is being organized
the Working Group of Rheology in the Austrian for London in 1983.
Chemical Society. The process by which it became a The experience of these joint conferences
real Conference of European Rheologists in which stimulated some national societies, in particular the
more than two hundred scientists from about twenty British Society of Rheology, to explore the possibili
countries participated was outlined in the inaugural ties for a closer liaison and cooperation between the
address of the President of the German Society of European societies and groups. After some corre
Rheology as follows: spondence between the then secretary of the British
Society, Dr. Chris Petrie, and the representatives of
"As is well known there are too few rheologists in
the other societies (including the answering of a quesc
most countries for them to be able to restrict their
tionnaire), delegates of nine European groups met a
scientific communication to colleagues from only
Naples during the VIII. International Congress in
their own country. In fact, I think there is a common
1980 to discuss the proposed activities.
feeling, at least among older researchers in this field,
that rheologists continue to think of themselves as A !though there was not a majority in favour of the
belonging to a worldwide scientific family. Every Inc idea of a European Society of Rheology, two deci
ternational Congress shows this anew. However, it is sions were reached. Thefirst was to establish a 'Provi
not possible for everyone to participate in these big in sional Committee of European Delegates to the Inter
ternational events and even the occasional participa national Committee on Rheology' with Dr. Petrie as
tion in the conference of a neighbouring national the secretary, its role to be that of an 'intelligent post
society does not seem to be sufficient to satisfy to a box'. The somewhat cumbersome title of this
desirable degree the need for international personal committee indicates that its delegates should be the
contacts for the stimulation and exchange of ideas. same as the delegates of the respective societies in the
This communication is now even more important, not International Committee on Rheology (which is re
only because of the specialization occurring with the sponsiblefor deciding on the location of International
progress of knowledge but also because of new inter Congresses), so that there would be an opportunity
relationships between research fields previously cone for them to become better acquainted and to co
sidered to be independent. operate more closely. 'Intelligent post-box' indicates
that the first duty of the committee should be to
Therefore about ten years ago some European
societies began to organize joint meetings. The first disseminate information and to steer joint activities.
one was the BritishcDutch Symposium at Lunteren The second decision at Naples referred particulary
(Holland) in 1973, followed by the British-Italien to the Graz Conference. It was agreed that the
Joint Conference at Shrivenham (England) in 1975, German Society and the Austrian Group invite all
the British-DutchcItalien Joint Conference at Pisa other European societies of rheology to join them in
(Italy) in 1977, the DutchcItaliancBritish Joint organizing this meeting.
Conference at Amsterdam (Holland) in 1979, and the It should not be concealed that there were some
Belgian-British Joint Meeting at Liege (Belgium) in doubts about the usefulness of a European Conferc
356 Rheologica Acta, Vol. 21, No. 4/5 (1982)
ence. It was feared that such a meeting would become The conference began on Wednesday morning with
too big and therefore loose the informality which was a performance of two movements of a string quartett
understood to be one of the valued attributes of ("Lerchenquartett") from Joseph Haydn by members
nationally organized conferences and necessary for of the Hochschule fUr Musik und Darstellende Kunst
the cross-fertilization of ideas and interdisciplinary Graz. It was formally opened by Prof. J. Schurz,
discussion ". followed by some words of welcome from Prof. K.
Freisitzer, Rector Magnificus of the Karl-Franzens
However, at the end of the conference there was far
Universitat Graz. The inaugural address was given by
reaching agreement not only that these apprehensions
Prof. H. Giesekus, President of the German Society
had proved to be unfounded but that this meeting had
of Rheology, and the opening lecture by Prof. E.
really aided the progress of rheology. So many op
Broda from Vienna. Four invited plenary papers
portunities were available for establishing contacts
followed the opening ceremony. The 81 contributed
and exchanging ideas and experiences. The only dis
papers were then presented in five parallel sessions on
appointment was that in spite of the neutral status of
Wednesday afternoon, Thursday and Friday. On
the host country and its relative proximity to Eastern
Wednesday evening a banquet was given by the
and South-Eastern Europe and the fact that many
Governor (Landeshauptmann) of Styria and on
scientists from these countries had expressed interest
Thursday evening by the Mayor (BUrgermeister) of
in taking part, only very few of these were given the
the City of Graz. A ladies program offered a walk
opportunity to participate. In particular there were no
through the "Old City of Graz" and excursions to
visitors from the DDR or the USSR.
neighbouring places of interest. The closing address
Delegates from the various national societies and
on Friday afternoon was given by Prof. G. W.
groups met during the conference and agreed to pass
Becker, Past President of the German Society of
on the following recommendations: Subsequent Con
Rheology and currently its delegate to the Interna
ferences of European Rheologists should not be held
tional Committee on Rheology.
more often than every four years and preferably
midway between the International Congresses. The These Proceedings contain the opening lecture and
Czechoslovakian delegates also used this opportunity the invited papers, which are printed in full, as well as
to offer their country for the next Conference in 1986. short versions of 63 contributed papers and 11 papers
As there were no objections to this proposal the which were submitted but not presented. A list of
Second Conference of European Rheologists is likely papers presented but not included herein is given at
to be organized by the CSSR Group of Rheology. the end.
The preparatory work for the present conference
Dr. M. Hibberd, presently at the University of
was undertaken jointly by Prof. K. Kirschke,
Dortmund, assisted with the editorial work by
Secretary of the German Society of Rheology, and
checking and improving the English text of some
Prof. J. Schurz, Chairman of the Austrian Group of
authors whose native tongue is not English.
Rheology. The latter was also responsible for the local
organization.
Prof. Dr. Hanswalter Giesekus, Dortmund
President of the German Society of Rheology
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Kurt Kirschke, Berlin
Secretary of the German Society of Rheology
Prof. Dr. Joseph Schurz, Graz
Chairman of the Working Group of Rheology
in the Austrian Chemical Society
2
Rheologiea Aeta Rheol. Acta 21, 357 - 359 (1982)
OPENING LECTURE
Ludwig Boltzmann - Man, physicist, philosopher, biologist
E. Broda
Institute of Physical Chemistry, Vienna University
Key words: Boltzmann, thermodynamics, statistics, philosophy, Darwin
It is not so generally known that Ludwig Boltz radiation law. Boltzmann's derivation of this law was
mann was not only one of the greatest theoretical called a true pearl of theoretical physics by Hendrik
physicists of all time, but also a magnificent Antoon Lorentz in his moving obituary to Boltz
philosopher, a great leader in theoretical biology, and mann. The expression "Boltzmann principle" was
a most interesting and attractive person. It was here at introduced by Einstein for the famous equation
Graz that Boltzmann spent his most productive and S = k log W that is engraved on Boltzmann's beauti
happy years. He was here Professor of Mathematical ful grave of honour in the Central Cemetery of
Physics from 1869 to 1873, and of Experimental Vienna. Along with Maxwell and J. Willard Gibbs,
Physics from 1876 to 1890. He was, by the way, an Boltzmann was the founder of Statistical Mechanics.
excellent experimenter. These achievements of Boltzmann are common
Boltzmann was born at Vienna in 1844 and spent knowledge among physicists and chemists and need
much of his youth in Upper Austria. His teacher at not be further discussed here.
Vienna University was Josef Stefan, a son of illiterate In his later period Boltzmann took increasing
peasants of Slovene mother tongue in Carinthia interest in philosophy. His starting point were the
(Karnten). A modest and lovable person, Stefan had problems of epistemology, the origin meaning of the
great merits. Together with Helmholtz, he was the ultimate categories in physics: Space, time, law of
prophet of Maxwell's theory of the electromagnetic nature. Boltzmann was opposed to the idealist, aprio
field in Central Europe, where it had found much ristic, views of Immanuel Kant, though he did not
resistance. Further, together with Josef Loschmidt he deny his greatness. He cherished others less. A lecture
developed the Physics Department of Vienna Univer in 1905 to the Philosophical Society at Vienna Univer
sity into a stronghold of atomism. At that time, many sity was at first called "Proof that Schopenhauer was
physicists still rejected the atom. For instance, in a mindless ignorant philosophaster who scribbles
France none of the major physicists of the 19th nonsense and through empty word trash debases the
century was a supporter of the atom. Loschmidt was heads fundamentally and for ever". These were words
the first after nearly two and a half millenia of that originally had been directed by Schopenhauer
atomism to venture, successfully, an estimate of the himself against Hegel. However, this idealist
size of the atom. philosopher was likewise not appreciated by Boltz
In physics, Boltzmann's name appears in the Boltz mann.
mann theorem (the equipartition law: the expression Berkeley's form of idealism was called by Boltz
is Maxwell's), the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution mann the greatest folly ever hatched by the human
law, the Boltzmann factor, Boltzmann statistics, the brain. It was pointed out by him that subjective
Boltzmann transport equation, the Boltzmann con idealism must in the end lead to solipsism. This also
stant (named by Planck) and the Stefan-Boltzmann applies to the positivism that was promoted by Boltz-
777
3
