Table Of ContentUnderstanding China
Wen Wang
Jinjing Jia
Yushu Liu
Peng Wang
Profound Changes
Unseen in Centuries
An Overview of China
Understanding China
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· · ·
Wen Wang Jinjing Jia Yushu Liu Peng Wang
Profound Changes Unseen
in Centuries
An Overview of China
WenWang JinjingJia
ChongyangInstituteforFinancialStudies ChongyangInstituteforFinancialStudies
RenminUniversityofChina RenminUniversityofChina
Beijing,China Beijing,China
YushuLiu PengWang
ChongyangInstituteforFinancialStudies ChongyangInstituteforFinancialStudies
RenminUniversityofChina RenminUniversityofChina
Beijing,China Beijing,China
ISSN2196-3134 ISSN2196-3142 (electronic)
UnderstandingChina
ISBN978-981-16-7418-1 ISBN978-981-16-7419-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7419-8
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Contents
1 Introduction:500Years?400Years?300Years?200Years?
100 Years? How to Understand the “Profound Changes
UnseeninCenturies”? ........................................ 1
1.1 Understanding the “Profound Changes Unseen
inCenturies”inFiveTimeDimensions ...................... 2
1.2 AChangeisNeveraForegoneConclusion ................... 6
1.3 An Evaluation of China’s Rise in Power During This
Periodof“ProfoundChanges” ............................. 8
References .................................................... 11
PartI ChangesinPolitics
2 LookingBackatWorldWarIattheCentenary .................. 17
2.1 TheReflections,TreatmentandStrategicConsequences
ofWorldWarIaHundredYearsAgo ....................... 17
2.2 Over the Past 100 Years, Mankind is Still Repeating
theMistakesofWorldWarI:AllianceConfrontation .......... 19
2.3 WhatistheFutureforMankindaHundredyearsLater?
Rethinking from the Perspective of “A Community
withaSharedFutureforMankind” ......................... 20
3 The International Pattern and World Order Under
the“ProfoundChangesUnseeninCenturies” .................... 23
3.1 TheDefinitionandJudgmentCriteriaof“International
Structure” ............................................... 24
3.2 ThePolarizingTrendoftheCurrentInternationalStructure ..... 25
3.3 The ImpactandInfluence ofthe“Polarization” Trend
onChina–USRelations ................................... 27
3.4 ChallengesandPotentialfortheComprehensiveDeepening
ofChina–EUStrategicCooperation ......................... 30
3.4.1 The“EU”inChina’sDiplomaticMapVersusThe
“China”intheEUReport .......................... 30
v
vi Contents
3.4.2 The Nature of the Conflict Between China
andEurope ...................................... 31
3.4.3 The Foundation and Potential for China–EU
Cooperation ...................................... 32
3.5 TheChina–RussiaRelationisNowatItsBestinHistory ....... 33
References .................................................... 36
4 NationalRejuvenationandNeighborhoodDiplomacyUnder
“ProfoundChangesUnseeninCenturies” ....................... 39
4.1 TheReversaloftheSituationintheSouthChinaSea .......... 42
4.2 TheTurningPointofChina–IndiaRelations .................. 44
4.3 TheMeltingofthe“Ice”inChina–JapanRelations ............ 46
References .................................................... 48
5 TheResponsibilitiesofGreatPowersandGlobalGovernance
Under“ProfoundChangesUnseeninCenturies” ................. 49
5.1 The Development, Current Problems and Challenges
oftheG20 ............................................... 49
5.1.1 20 years of G20: governance achievements
andthelogicbehinditsevolution ................... 50
5.1.2 Thelatestdilemmaofglobalgovernance ............. 54
5.1.3 CurrentchallengesfacedbytheG20Summit ......... 57
5.2 TheProposalandProgressof the“China’sPlan” ............. 61
5.2.1 TheWeststillhasmoreexperience,resources,
andmeansinglobalgovernancethanChina .......... 61
5.2.2 There are still considerable differences
between the Chinese and Western concepts
ofglobalgovernance,andthe“ChinesePlan”
ofglobalgovernanceisunderthethreatofbeing
misinterpretedandstigmatizedbytheWest ........... 62
5.2.3 SeveralprinciplesestablishedattheHangzhou
Summitarefacingtheriskofbeingmarginalized ...... 64
5.3 CopingandThinking ..................................... 65
5.3.1 Strategic thinking on the continuation
ofthe“Hangzhou Consensus”anddefending
China’splanintheshortandmedium-term ........... 66
5.3.2 StrategicthinkingonfurtheroptimizingtheG20
structureandadvancingglobalgovernancereform
inthemediumandlongterm ....................... 68
References .................................................... 70
6 From“ProfoundChangesUnseeninCenturies”to“Human
CommunitywithaSharedFuture” ............................. 75
6.1 TheCommonVisionandCommonChallengesforMankind .... 75
6.2 The Flowers of Friendship Bloom at the Foot
oftheHimalayas ......................................... 77
Contents vii
6.2.1 Gwadar:ALegendfromaSmallFishingVillage
toanInternationalPort ............................ 77
6.2.2 JamalDiniandYaozongHu:ExperienceHistory
andBuildaHomeTogether ........................ 79
6.2.3 China-Nepal-IndiaCorridor:TheSnowy“Heaven
Road”GoesStraighttotheWest .................... 80
6.2.4 Trans-Himalayan Sustainable Development
Community ...................................... 81
6.3 Allthe Way tothe West:The Revival and Integration
ofCivilizationontheThree“SilkRoads” .................... 83
6.3.1 CamelBellSilkRoad:bringCentralAsiaTowards
aBrightFuture ................................... 83
6.3.2 Prairie Silk Road: The Legend of the North
WrittenbyMadrid-YiwuTrain ..................... 85
6.3.3 TheSilkRoadontheIce:AnUnprecedented
PioneeringWork .................................. 87
6.4 TheMoonrisebytheSea .................................. 88
6.4.1 FromChinatoNanyang:ABosomFriendAfar
BringsaDistantLandNear ........................ 88
6.4.2 FromNanyangtoWestern:RewritingtheLegend
ofZhengHe ..................................... 90
6.4.3 FromNanyangtoSouthernPacific:Asia–Pacific
CooperationReachesaNewLevel .................. 92
6.5 Epilogue:ThePrefaceofaBrandNewSection ............... 93
References .................................................... 95
PartII ChangesinEconomics
7 The Prospect: Viewing Economic History as the History
ofCorporates ................................................. 99
7.1 Origin:TheEraofColonialTrade .......................... 100
7.2 Inheritance:TheAgeofImperialism ........................ 102
7.3 Transformation:TheEraofGlobalization ................... 104
7.4 Convergence:TheEraofFinancialization .................... 106
References .................................................... 108
8 Evolution:TheFifthFloorofModernization .................... 109
8.1 The Age of Great Innovation: The Changing Global
EconomicLandscape ..................................... 110
8.2 Engineering of Network Structure: The “Underlying
Architecture”ofToday’sWorld ............................ 113
8.3 Tree-PlantingPatternInnovation:WhytheFutureBelongs
toChina ................................................ 119
References .................................................... 120
viii Contents
9 Change:TheEconomyintheAgeofFinancialization ............. 123
9.1 FinancializationisaDerivativeofSystematization ............ 123
9.2 FinancialCrisisPromotesFinancialDeepening ............... 128
9.3 TheEndofthe“GoldenAge” .............................. 130
9.4 FromWartoWar ......................................... 131
9.5 Gold,Oilandthe“BigBang” .............................. 132
10 TheGame:WhoWillGaintheHegemony? ...................... 135
10.1 TheSecretofthe“HegemonyDividend” ..................... 135
10.2 TheGameofModifingtheStatisticalRules .................. 139
10.3 IntellectualPropertyisattheHeartoftheRulesGame ......... 140
10.4 TheFranchiseMonopolyNatureofPatents .................. 141
10.5 The International Patent System is Based on Mutual
MarketAccess ........................................... 142
10.6 Global Industrial Restructuring Creates the Dismatch
ofInternationalIntellectualPropertyRightsandObligations .... 143
10.7 TheEssenceoftheIntellectualPropertyGameistheProfit
ControlGame ........................................... 144
10.8 TheGameof“InternationalizationofDomesticLaws”
andItsResponse ......................................... 146
10.9 “IndustrialEcology”isFundamental ........................ 146
11 Trends:PossibilitiesfortheFutureRoad ........................ 149
11.1 TheRiseof“De-dollarization” ............................. 149
11.2 WhereInnovationWillDriveChina? ........................ 151
11.3 China’sInstitutionalAdvantagesinFinancialPerspective ...... 155
11.4 WesternDemocracyFacesanInstitutionalDilemma ........... 155
11.5 ANewUnderstandingofChina’sInstitutionalAdvantages ..... 157
11.6 ShapingtheNewPathofEconomicGlobalization ............. 158
11.7 ChoiceofNationalDevelopmentPathin theTwenty-First
Century ................................................. 159
References .................................................... 163
PartIII ChangesinDigitalization
12 TheHumanCrisisintheAgeofArtificialIntelligence ............ 167
12.1 The Artificial Intelligence Revolution in Historical
Perspective .............................................. 167
12.1.1 1952–1956:BirthofArtificialIntelligence ........... 168
12.1.2 1956–1974: The Golden Age of Artificial
Intelligence ...................................... 169
12.1.3 1974–1980: The First Winter of Artificial
Intelligence ...................................... 169
12.1.4 1980–1987:BoomPeriod .......................... 170
12.1.5 1987–1993: The Second Winter of Artificial
Intelligence ...................................... 171
Contents ix
12.1.6 1993–2011: The Third Development Period
ofArtificialIntelligence ........................... 171
12.1.7 2011–Present:aPeriodofBigData-DrivenAI
Development ..................................... 172
12.2 EthicalandPrivacyDilemmasofArtificialIntelligence ........ 173
12.2.1 TheCrisisofArtificialIntelligence“Stripping
withaClick” ..................................... 173
12.2.2 Wanting to Avoid Risks is the Biggest Risk
inDevelopment:TaketheExampleofDrones ......... 174
12.2.3 CurrentProblemsintheDevelopmentofArtificial
IntelligenceinChina .............................. 176
12.2.4 Suggestions for the Future Development
ofArtificialIntelligenceinChina:LayingaSolid
Foundation, Protecting Intellectual Property
Rights,andEncouragingInnovation ................. 177
12.3 The Integration and Struggle Between Machines
andHumans ............................................. 178
12.3.1 Robotics Development Has a Greater Impact
onLow-IncomePopulations ........................ 178
12.3.2 TheMachineWillNotJustBeaTooltoIncrease
theWorker’sEfficiency,ButtheMachineItself
WillBecometheWorker ........................... 179
12.3.3 Will the Musk “Brain-Computer Interface
System”UsherintheAgeofCyberhumans? .......... 180
12.4 ArtificialIntelligenceTechnologyEnablesBreakthroughs
inOtherAreas ........................................... 182
12.5 Outlook:TheInescapableProblemofHumanisticConcern ..... 184
References .................................................... 185
13 AssessmentandGovernanceoftheDigitalSociety ................ 187
13.1 TheRapidGrowthofSmartPhonesandMobileInternet ....... 188
13.2 TheDevelopmentofInternetandtheFormationofaDigital
Society ................................................. 188
13.2.1 PeriodofBasicDevelopment ....................... 189
13.2.2 PortalPeriod ..................................... 190
13.2.3 MobileInternetAge ............................... 191
13.3 TheRiseandAssessmentofDigitalSocietyinChina .......... 191
13.3.1 FoundationsofChina’sDigitalSociety:BigData
DevelopmentStrategies ............................ 191
13.3.2 TheOverallEvaluationSystemofChina’sDigital
SocietyDevelopmentandRelatedAssessment ........ 194
13.3.3 DigitalDevelopment intheDigitalEconomy
EvaluationSystem ................................ 197
13.4 BigData,DigitalSocietyandFutureGovernance ............. 201
13.4.1 ThreeLevelsofDigital-SocialInteraction ............ 201
