Table Of ContentCopyright ОАО «ЦКБ «БИБКОМ» & ООО «Aгентство Kнига-Cервис»
Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации
Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное
учреждение высшего образования
«Оренбургский государственный университет»
А.С. Фомиченко
PROFESSIONAL ENGLISH FOR
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS
PART 1
Рекомендовано ученым советом федерального государственного бюджетного
образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Оренбургский
государственный университет» в качестве учебного пособия для студентов,
обучающихся по программам высшего образования по направлению подготовки
13.03.02 Электроэнергетика и электротехника
Оренбург
2016
Copyright ОАО «ЦКБ «БИБКОМ» & ООО «Aгентство Kнига-Cервис»
УДК 811.111(075.8)
ББК 81.432.1я7
Ф76
Рецензент – доцент кафедры ТиПП, кандидат филологических наук Е.Д.
Андреева
Фомиченко, А.С.
Ф76 Professional English for Electrical Engineers. Part 1: учебное пособие / А.С.
Фомиченко; Оренбургский гос. ун-т. – Оренбург: ОГУ, 2016. – 110 с.
ISBN 978-5-7410-1771-5
В учебном пособии представлены задания и упражнения, направленные
на расширение лексического запаса студентов, на развитие навыков речевого
общения, чтения и письма.
Учебное пособие предназначено для занятий по дисциплине
«Иностранный язык» для обеспечения аудиторной и самостоятельной работы
студентов-бакалавров очной формы обучения по направлению подготовки
13.03.02 Электроэнергетика и электротехника.
УДК 811.111(075.8)
ББК 81.432.1я7
ISBN 978-5-7410-1771-5 © Фомиченко А.С.,
2016
© ОГУ, 2016
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Contents
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………..….5
1 Unit 1. The Theory of Electricity………………………………...……………….… 6
1.1 From the History of Electricity…………………………………………………… 6
1.2 Atoms…………………………………………………………............................... 11
1.3 Electrons……………………………………………………………….…….......... 16
1.4 Molecules…………………………………………………………………………. 22
1.5 Check Yourself…………………………………………………………………… 26
2 Unit 2. Basic Concepts of Electricity……………………………………………….. 28
2.1 Voltage………………………………………………………………………...….. 28
2.2 Current……………………………………………………………………………. 32
2.3 Resistance…………………………………………………………………………. 40
2.4 Power……………………………………………………………………………... 46
2.5 Energy…………………………………………………………………………….. 52
2.6 Magnetism. Electromagnetism…………………………………………….……… 58
2.7 Check Yourself……………………………………………………………..…….. 65
3 Unit 3. Measuring Devices……………………………………………….……......... 68
3.1 What is a Meter?………………………………………………………………….. 68
3.2 Ammeters…………………………………………………………………………. 73
3.3 Voltmeters………………………………………………………………………… 77
3.4 Ohmmeters……………………………………………………………...………… 83
3.5 Wattmeters………………………………………………………………………... 88
3.6 Check Yourself…………………………………………………………………… 93
4 Test: Part 1……………………………………………………...………..……….… 96
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………............... 102
Appendix A……………………………………………………………………………... 104
Appendix B……………………………………………………………………………... 1 05
Appendix C…………………………………………………………………………… 106
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Appendix D……………………………………………………….……………….107
Appendix E………………………………………………………….…………….108
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Introduction
Данное учебное пособие предназначено для студентов
электроэнергетического факультета I, II курсов, изучающих дисциплину
«Иностранный язык» (английский). Цель учебного пособия – развитие навыков
чтения и говорения, а также развитие языковых знаний студентов в сфере
профессиональной коммуникации. Содержание изложенного лексического
материала соответствует требованиям рабочей программы и предназначено для
обеспечения аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов-бакалавров по
направлению подготовки 13.03.02 Электроэнергетика и электротехника.
Учебное пособие состоит из трех глав, в каждую из которых входят несколько
разделов: «The Theory of Electricity» (From the History of Electricity, Atoms, Electrons,
Molecules); «Basic Concepts of Electricity» (Voltage, Current, Resistance, Power,
Energy, Magnetism. Electromagnetism); «Measuring Devices» (What is a Meter?,
Ammeters, Voltmeters, Ohmmeters, Wattmeters); тестового материала и пяти
приложений.
Текстовый материал данного пособия направлен на ознакомление с
основными разделами электроэнергетики и электротехники, расположен в
определенной логической последовательности и сопровождается тематическими
иллюстрациями. После каждого текста следуют упражнения с целью проверки
понимания и осмысления содержания текста, активизации мыслительной
деятельности учащихся, а также отработки ранее изученного материала.
Упражнения включают сложные по структуре и профессиональному лексическому
наполнению предложения, взятые из аутентичных источников, что позволяет
расширить активный словарный запас студентов в области их профессиональной
деятельности и способствует развитию навыков чтения и перевода технической
литературы.
Особенность данного учебного пособия состоит в использовании
аутентичного материала, комплекса полиаспектных упражнений и технической
терминологии.
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1 Unit 1. The Theory of Electricity
1.1 From the History of Electricity
Before you start
1. What is a definite quantity of electricity?
2. What kind of experiments did Charles Dufay carry on?
3. What did Benjamin Franklin prove?
Exercise 1. Read and translate the text.
It was discovered centuries ago that certain types of materials would mysteriously
attract one another after being rubbed together. For
example: after rubbing a piece of silk against a piece
of glass, the silk and glass would tend to stick
together. Indeed, there was an attractive force that
could be demonstrated even when the two materials
were separated (figure 1). Figure 1
Glass and silk aren’t the only materials
known to behave like this. Anyone who has ever
brushed up against a latex balloon only to find
that it tries to stick to them has experienced this
same phenomenon. Paraffin wax and wool cloth
are another pair of materials early experimenters
recognized as manifesting attractive forces after
being rubbed together (figure 2).
Figure 2
This phenomenon became even more interesting when it was discovered that
identical materials, after having been rubbed with their respective cloths, always repelled
each other. It was also noted that when a piece of glass rubbed with silk was exposed to
a piece of wax rubbed with wool, the two materials would attract one another.
Furthermore, it was found that any material demonstrating properties of attraction
or repulsion after being rubbed could be classed into one of two distinct categories:
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attracted to glass and repelled by wax, or repelled by glass and attracted to wax. It was
either one or the other: there were no materials found that would be attracted to or
repelled by both glass and wax, or that reacted to one without reacting to the other.
More attention was directed toward the pieces of cloth used to do the rubbing. It
was discovered that after rubbing two pieces of glass with two pieces of silk cloth, not
only did the glass pieces repel each other, but so did the cloths. The same phenomenon
held for the pieces of wool used to rub the wax.
Now, this was really strange to witness. After all, none of these objects were
visibly altered by the rubbing, yet they definitely behaved differently than before they
were rubbed. Whatever change took place to make these materials attract or repel one
another was invisible.
Some experimenters speculated that invisible “fluids” were being transferred from
one object to another during the process of rubbing, and that these “fluids” were able to
effect a physical force over a distance. Charles Dufay was one of the early
experimenters who demonstrated that there were definitely two different types of
changes wrought by rubbing certain pairs of objects together. The fact that there was
more than one type of change manifested in these materials was evident by the fact that
there were two types of forces produced: attraction and repulsion. The hypothetical fluid
transfer became known as a charge.
One pioneering researcher, Benjamin Franklin, came to the conclusion that there
was only one fluid exchanged between rubbed objects, and that the two different
“charges” were nothing more than either an excess or a deficiency of that one fluid.
After experimenting with wax and wool, Franklin suggested that the coarse wool
removed some of this invisible fluid from the smooth wax, causing an excess of fluid on
the wool and a deficiency of fluid on the wax. The resulting disparity in fluid content
between the wool and wax would then cause an attractive force, as the fluid tried to
regain its former balance between the two materials.
Postulating the existence of a single “fluid” that was either gained or lost through
rubbing accounted best for the observed behavior: that all these materials fell neatly into
one of two categories when rubbed, and most importantly, that the two active materials
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rubbed against each other always fell into opposing categories as evidenced by their
invariable attraction to one another. In other words, there was never a time where two
materials rubbed against each other both became either positive or negative.
Following Franklin’s speculation of the wool rubbing something off of the wax,
the type of charge that was associated with rubbed wax became known as “negative”
(because it was supposed to have a deficiency of fluid) while the type of charge
associated with the rubbing wool became known as “positive” (because it was supposed
to have an excess of fluid).
Precise measurements of electrical charge were carried out by the French physicist
Charles Coulomb in the 1780’s using a device called a torsional balance measuring the
force generated between two electrically charged objects. The results of Coulomb’s
work led to the development of a unit of electrical charge named in his honor, the
coulomb. The operational definition of a coulomb as the unit of electrical charge (in
terms of force generated between point charges) was found to be equal to an excess or
deficiency of about 6,250,000,000,000,000,000 electrons.
It was discovered much later that this “fluid” was actually composed of extremely
small bits of matter called electrons, so named in honor of the ancient Greek word for
amber: another material exhibiting charged properties when rubbed with cloth.
Experimentation has since revealed that all objects are composed of extremely small
“building-blocks” known as atoms, and that these atoms are in turn composed of smaller
components known as particles. The three fundamental particles comprising most atoms
are called protons, neutrons and electrons.
Exercise 2. Transcribe the following words:
Force
Phenomenon
Attraction
Repulsion
Fluid
Hypothetical
Charge
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Existence
Category
Torsional
Balance
Measure
Coulomb
Particle
Neutron
Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences paying special attention to the
underlined words.
1. The static charges are known to be at rest.
2. The alternating current changes its direction many times a second.
3. We know the electric charges to be positive and negative.
4. Some liquids are known to conduct current without any changes to themselves.
5. On the contrary the electrolytes are known to change greatly when the current
flows through them.
6. One can charge dissimilar objects by rubbing them.
Exercise 4. Put the words into the correct order to make sentences.
1. material It categories was any properties of or repulsion after rubbed be that by
classed one of distinct: attracted to glass being and repelled by wax, could or repelled
into found demonstrating glass and two attracted to attraction wax.
2. Some speculated invisible effect being from object were to that during the
transferred of “fluids” rubbing, and that experimenters these another “fluids” were able
to a process physical force over one a distance.
3. fact The type was materials attraction more the one of manifested in was there
than evident by that there these were fact two that types of forces change: and produced
repulsion.
4. removed suggested the wool some of invisible from the fluid wax, that an
smooth excess this coarse of Franklin of fluid on wool the and a deficiency fluid on
causing the wax.
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5. amber cloth was much that this was of bits of composed matter actually called
It, so extremely named in for later honor of small the ancient “fluid” word: another
exhibiting material charged Greek properties discovered when rubbed electrons with.
Exercise 5. Compose a dialogue using the words from exercises 2 and 3.
Exercise 6. Retell the text “From the History of Electricity” according to the
notes below.
Notes for retelling:
1. Look through the text. What is its main topic? What field is it in? What is its
main idea?
2. Now read the text more carefully. What parts can you divide it into? How many
parts are there? Work on each part of the text (the parts the text falls into may show as
paragraphs). What is the main idea of each part? Try to find the key statements in each
part and put them down. They may be 1-2 sentences from each paragraph/part of the
text.
3. Now add some details to the skeleton. They can be from the text - some
interesting facts that illustrate the theory or what not. Think of some opinions of your
own: what do you think of this or that idea of the author? Is this matter interesting for
you? Does it go with your own research? Do you agree with the hypotheses presented?
Let your statements be noticeable and attracting attention so as to wake those who are
listening.
Exercise 7. Did you know….?
Read the text and then make questions so that the
words in bold provide answers.
Benjamin Franklin (figure 3) (1706—1790) and his
friends did extensive experimenting with what is known as a
Leyden jar (figure 4). Leyden jars were created by Dutch
scientist Pieter van Musschenbroek of Leiden, the Netherlands
and were named after this city. Leyden jars were commonly
used in Franklin's day to store and transfer electric charge.
Figure 3
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