productivity of maize as affected by crop residue incorporation and nitrogen levels in legume

172 Pages·2016·23.41 MB·English

PRODUCTIVITY OF MAIZE AS AFFECTED
BY CROP RESIDUE INCORPORATION
AND NITROGEN LEVELS IN
LEGUME – CEREAL SEQUENCE

BY
PYDI AMMAJI
M.Sc. (Ag.)

THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE ACHARYA N. G. RANGA
AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT
OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE
DEGREE OF

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN
AGRICULTURE
(AGRONOMY)

CHAIRPERSON: Dr. CH. PULLA RAO

DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, BAPATLA - 522 101
ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD - 500 030
2014
DECLARATION

I, Smt. P. Ammaji hereby declare that the thesis entitled
“PRODUCTIVITY OF MAIZE AS AFFECTED BY CROP RESIDUE
INCORPORATION AND NITROGEN LEVELS IN LEGUME – CEREAL
SEQUENCE.’’ submitted to the Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural
University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Agriculture in the
major field of Agronomy is the result of original research work done by me. I
also declare that no material contained in the thesis has been published earlier
in any manner.

Place : (PYDI AMMAJI)
I.D. No. BAD-10-01
Date:
CERTIFICATE

Smt. P. AMMAJI has satisfactorily prosecuted the course of research
and that the thesis entitled “PRODUCTIVITY OF MAIZE AS AFFECTED BY CROP
RESIDUE INCORPORATION AND NITROGEN LEVELS IN LEGUME – CEREAL
SEQUENCE.” submitted is the result of original research work and is of
sufficiently high standard to warrant its presentation to the examination. I also
certify that neither the thesis nor its part thereof has been previously submitted
by her for a degree of any University.

Date:
(CH. PULLA RAO)
Chairman of the Advisory Committee &
Professor & Head
Department of Agronomy
Agricultural College, Bapatla-522 101
Andhra Pradesh
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “PRODUCTIVITY OF MAIZE
AS AFFECTED BY CROP RESIDUE INCORPORATION AND NITROGEN
LEVELS IN LEGUME – CEREAL SEQUENCE.” submitted in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of ‘Doctor of Philosophy’ in
Agriculture of the Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad is a
record of the bonafied original research work carried out by Smt.P. Ammaji
under our guidance and supervision.
No part of the thesis has been submitted by the student for any degree or
diploma. The published part and all assistance received during the course of
the investigation have been duly acknowledged by the author of the thesis.

CHAIRMAN
ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Thesis approved by the Student Advisory Committee

Chairman Dr. Ch. Pulla Rao
Professor & Head
Department of Agronomy

Member Dr. G.Subbaiah
Associate Dean
Agricultural College

Bapatla
Member Dr. P. V. Rao
Professor & Head
Dept. of Crop Physiology
College of Agriculture
Rajendranagar

Member Dr. P. R.K. Prasad
Professor & Head
(Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry)

Agricultural College
Bapatla- 522 101.

External
examiner of
final viva voce

Date of final viva-voce:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Accomplishment of this thesis is the result of benevolence of almighty, love of parents,
blessings of teachers and motivation by husband and friends
At the very outset, whole heartedly I place my profound etiquette to my Major Advisor and
Chairman of Advisory committee Dr.Ch. Pulla Rao, Professor and Head, Department of Agronomy
Agricultural College, Bapatla for his learned counsel, unstinted attention, arduous and indefatigable
guidance on the work at all stages. I feel elated to express my heartfelt thanks for his immense
interest, transcendent suggestions, affectionate encouragement and adroitness in handling the work in
all its stages which provided me commendable encouragement and shaped my efforts into a successful
research work.
I sincerely extend my profound sense of gratitude, respect and sincere thanks to Dr.G.
Subbaiah ,Associate Dean, Agricultural college, Bapatla and member of my advisory committee for his
worthy counsel, inspiring guidance, astute remarks and erudite suggestions during the course work
and at the time of investigation and going through the thesis analytically by offering constructive tips
for improvement
It gives me immense pleasure in extending my deep sense of reverence and gratitude to Dr.
P.V Rao, Professor and Head Department of Crop physiology, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar
and member of my advisory committee for his precious suggestions, whole hearted cooperation and
constant appraisal on subject matter to bring out this successfully during my investigation.
It gives me great pleasure to extend my thanks to Dr.P. R. K Prasad Professor, Department
of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Agricultural College, Bapatla and member of my advisory
committee for his timely guidance and kind cooperation throughout my course as well as research
work.
I sincerely extend my gratitude and respect to late Dr. V.B Bhanu Murthy, former Dean P.
G. Studies for according permission to carry my research at Agricultural college, Aswaraopet
I extend my heartfelt thanks to Dr. Martin Luther, professor Dr. B. Venkateswarulu,
Professor, Sri P. Venkata Rao, Dr.N.Venkatalakshmi, Assistant Professors, Department of
Agronomy, Agricultural College, Bapatla, for their constant encouragement and cherishable
counselling during the course of the study.
I fervently express my immense and gargantuan respect and thanks to Dr.K.Chandrasekar,
Associate professor and Head, Department of Agronomy, Agricultural College, Aswaraopet, for his
schorlary guidance, and meticulous help during the period of investigation. I equally thank Dr. A. K.
Goel, Associate Professor, Department of Statistics and mathematics, college of Agriculture,
Rajendranagar for his meticulous help regarding the statistical analysis.
I owe my gratitude to sri. K. G. K. Murthy, Assistant Professor Dept. of Genetics and Plant
breeding, Smt. K. Naganjali Asst. Professor, Department of Agronomy, Sri. M. Raghvendra, Asst.
Professor (Bio- Chemisrty) Agricultural College, Aswaraopet for their scholarly guidance and help
rendered during the period of investigation. My profound thanks are due to Sri. B. Nageswarao Rao,
and Sri. Bhimaraju, AEO,s, Ag. College, Aswaraopet and other farm staff for their help in providing
timely facilities during the period of my investigation
My special thanks are due to Dr. M Sree Rekha, Asst. Professor, Department of Agronomy,
Agricultural college Bapatla, and her family members for their kind help, hospitality, affectionate
guidance, cooperation and valuable suggestions.
I am highly indebted to Dr. Ch. Sri Latha Vani, Agricultural Information Officer,
ANGRAU Press, Rajendranagar, Dr. P. Kishore Varma, Asst. Professor, Department of Plant
Pathology, Colleege of Agriculture Rajendranagar, for their hospitality, care, concern, support
rendered by them during the entire period of my research work.
Mere words cannot express my gratitude and indebtedness to Sri. T. Ravi SRF, IRM Project,
Agricultural College, Aswaropet who has taken utmost care of children during the period of my
absence.
I am extremely thankful to Dr. (Smt.) Ch. Chiranjeevi, Coordinator, DAATTC, Ranga Reddy
and Dr. T. Srinivas, Professor (Edn), for their affectionate advice and constant encouragement
guidance during the entire part of research work. I Specially thank my dearest student Sruthi,
Agricultural Officer, Aswaraopet and Naresh P.G student of Agronomy, Sharath technical Assistant
under NABARD project, DAATTC, for their help and support during the period of experimentation
and thesis writing.
Mere words cannot express my deepest heartfelt feeling to my dearest student friends of
2011batch,Agricultural college, Aswaraopet Borra, Sridhar, Prasanth, Nishikanth, Lakshman,
Boda, Sravan, Ravi and all the girl students in general and Sruthi of 2011 batch in particular who
put their blood and sweat in raising all the crops without which it may not be possible for me to carry
the experiment.
I feel dearth of words to express my feelings towards my husband Dr. S. Dayakar, Professor,
Dept. of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Rajendra nagar without whom it would not have
possible for me to register and complete the Ph. D programme. His meticulous care, constant support
acted as a source of inspiration for me during the period of research work and thesis writing. I express
my genuflect love and affection to my dear kids Surya Teja Baradwaj (Pandu) and Charan Teja
Bharadwaj (cherry) for bearing my absence to see me as a doctorate.
I express my genuflect love and affectionate gratitude to my father Sri. P. Appala Naidu and
mother Smt. Krishna veni, Father in -law sri Dasaradhi and mother- in l-aw Smt. Anasuyamma
and brothers, brother-in-laws , Sisters and Sister- in- laws , all the lovable kids from Avinash to
Jatin and all other family members and relatives who constantly inspired from time to time, to achieve
set goals and also for their constant encouragement to bring out my best in all endeavours with
endured interest.
It gives me immense pleasure to thank my collegue Dr. B. Padmaja, Asst. Professor, Ag.
College, Jagityal and Ms. Vijaya, Scientist, (Pl. Breeding), RRU, Bapatla who made my stay at
Bapatla most enjoyable and comfortable and I equally thank all post graduate students Geetha,
Reddy, Madhu, Neelambar, Bhanu, Pridvi, Prasad,Praveena, Sudha, Prasanthi, Indu lekha,
Jyothiswaroopa for their help and co-operation during my stay at Bapatla.
There are a number of people connected with this work at different stages, I profusely thank
each and every one from the core of my heart for their cooperation, help and guidance without which
it may not be possible for me to complete this work.
I profusely thank all the staff members of computer section, ANGRAU, Rajendra nagar
particularly Smt. Shoba for her constant co-operation for analyzing the data.
Any omission in this brief acknowledgement doesn’t mean lack of gratitude.

Place : Bapatla
Date : (P. Ammaji)
LIST OF CONTENTS

Chapter No. Title Page No.
I INTRODUCTION
II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
III MATERIAL AND METHODS
IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
LITERATURE CITED
APPENDICES
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title Page
No.
3.1 Weather prevailed during kharif seasons 2011 and 2012
(weekly averages)
3.2 Weather prevailed during rabi seasons 2011-12 and 2012-
13 (weekly average)
3.3 Physical and physico-chemical properties of the
experimental soil
4.1 Grain yield, greengram equivalent yield, fresh and
drymatter accumulation at harvest and N,P and K uptake
of different legumes crops during 2011 and 2012
4.2 Seed/Pod yield (kg ha-1) and Economics of legumes
during kharif seasons 2011 and 2012
4.3 Soil microbial population- initial and after the harvest of
legumes
4.4 Soil microbial population as influenced by legume crops,
residue management practices and N levels after harvest of
maize
4.5 Plant height (cm) of maize at 30 DAS as influenced by
different legume crops, residue management practices and
N levels during 2011-12 and 2012-13
4.6 Plant height (cm) of maize at 50 DAS as influenced by
different legume crops, residue management practices and
N levels during 2011-12 and 2012-13
4.7 Plant height (cm) of maize at 70 DAS as influenced by
different legume crops, residue management practices and
N levels during 2011-12 and 2012-13
4.8 Interaction between legume crops and residue management
practices on plant height at 70 DAS during 2012-13
4.9 Plant height (cm) of maize at 90 DAS as influenced by
legume crops, residue management practices and N levels
during 2011-12 and 2012-13
4.10 Plant height (cm) of maize at maturity as influenced by
legume crops, residue management practices and N levels
during 2011-12 and 2012-13
4.11 Drymatter accumulation (kg ha-1) of maize at 30 DAS as
influenced by legume crops, residue management practices
and N levels during 2011-12 and 2012-13
4.12 Drymatter accumulation (kg ha-1) of maize at 50 DAS as
influenced by legume crops, residue management practices
and N levels during 2011-12 and 2012-13
4.13 Drymatter accumulation (kg ha-1) of maize at 70 DAS as
influenced by legume crops, residue management practices
and N levels during 2011-12 and 2012-13
4.14 Drymatter accumulation of maize (kg ha-1) at 90 DAS as
influenced by legume crops, residue management practices
and N levels during 2011-12 and 2012-13
4.15 Drymatter accumulation (kg ha-1) of maize at maturity as
influenced by legume crops, residue management practices
and N levels during 2011-12 and 2012-13 during
4.16 Number of cobs plant-1 of maize as influenced by legume
crops, residue management practices and N levels during
2011-12 and 2012-13
4.17 Number of kernel rows cob-1 of maize as influenced by
legume crops, residue management practices and N levels
during 2011-12 and 2012-13
4.18 Number of kernels cob-1 of maize as influenced by legume
crops, residue management practices and N levels during
2011-12 and 2012-13
4.19 Test weight (g / 100 kernels) of maize as influenced by
legume crops, residue management practices and N levels
during 2011-1 and 2012-13
4.20 Kernel yield (kg ha-1) of maize as influenced by legume
crops, residue management practices and N levels during
2011-12 and 2012-13
4.20a Best-fit N –response equations for maize preceded by
different legumes and residue management practices
4.21 Stover yield (kg ha-1) of maize as influenced by legume
crops, residue management practices and N levels during
2011-12 and 2012-13
4.22 Harvest index (per cent ) of maize as influenced by different
rabi legumes, residue management practices and N levels
during 2011-12 and 2012-13
4.23 Nitrogen uptake (kg ha-1) by maize at 30 and 50 DAS as
influenced by legume crops, residue management practices
and N levels during 2011-12 and 2012-13
4.24 Nitrogen uptake (kg ha-1) by maize at 70 and 90 DAS as
influenced by legume crops, residue management practices
and N levels during 2011-12 and 2012-13
4.25 Nitrogen content (per cent) and uptake (kg ha-1) of maize at
maturity by kernel and stover as influenced by legume crops,
residue management practices and N levels during 2011-12.
4.26 Nitrogen content (per cent) and uptake (kg ha-1) of maize at
maturity by kernel and stover as influenced by legume crops,
residue management practices and N levels during 2012-13
4.27 Phosphorus uptake (kg ha-1) of maize at 30 and 50 DAS as
influenced by legume crops, residue management practices
and N levels during 2011-12 and 2012-13
4.28 Phosphorus uptake (kg ha-1) of maize at 70 and 90 DAS as
influenced by legume crops, residue management practices
and N levels during 2011-12 and 2012-13
4.29 Phosphorus content (per cent) and uptake (kg ha-1) of maize
at maturity by kernel and stover as influenced by legume
crops, residue management practices and N levels during
2011-12
4.30 Phosphorus content (per cent) and uptake (kg ha-1) of maize
at maturity by kernel and stover as influenced by legume
crops, residue management practices and N levels during
2012-13.
4.31 Potassium uptake (kg ha-1) of maize at 30 and 50 DAS as
influenced by legume crops, residue management practices
and N levels during 2011-12 and 2012-13
4.32 Potassium uptake (kg ha-1) of maize at 70 and 90 DAS as
influenced by legume crops, residue management practices
and N levels during 2011-12 and 2012-13
4.33 Potassium content (per cent) and uptake (kg ha-1) of maize at
maturity by kernel and stover as influenced by legume crops,
residue management practices and N levels during 2011-12
4.34 Potassium content (per cent) and uptake (kg ha-1) of maize at
maturity by kernel and stover as influenced by legume crops,
residue management practices and N levels 2012-13
4.35 Gross returns (GR), net returns (NR) and benefit cost ratio
(BCR) in legume-cereal sequence
4.36 System productivity in terms of total maize equivalent yields
(kg ha-1) of the legume-cereal sequence