Table Of ContentBiofuels and Biorefineries 4
Zhen Fang
Richard L. Smith, Jr.
Xinhua Qi E ditors
Production of
Biofuels and
Chemicals with
Ultrasound
Biofuels and Biorefineries
Volume 4
Editor-in-Chief
Professor Zhen Fang, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
Editorial Board Members
Professor Liang-shih Fan, Ohio State University, USA;
Professor John R. Grace, University of British Columbia, Canada;
Professor Yonghao Ni, University of New Brunswick, Canada;
Professor Norman R. Scott, Cornell University, USA;
Professor Richard L. Smith, Jr., Tohoku University, Japan
Aims and Scope of the Series
The Biofuels and Biorefineries Series aims at being a comprehensive and integrated
reference for biomass, bioenergy, biofuels, and bioproducts. The Series provides
leading global research advances and critical evaluations of methods for convert-
ing biomass into biofuels and chemicals. Scientific and engineering challenges in
biomass production and conversion are covered that show technological advances
and approaches for creating new bio-economies in a format that is suitable for both
industrialists and environmental policy decision-makers.
The Biofuels and Biorefineries Series provides readers with clear and concisely-
written chapters that are peer-reviewed on significant topics in biomass production,
biofuels, bio-products, chemicals, catalysts, energy policy, economics and process-
ing technologies. The text covers major fields in plant science, green chemistry,
economics and economy, biotechnology, microbiology, chemical engineering,
mechanical engineering and energy.
Series Description
Annual global biomass production is about 220 billion dry tons or 4,500 EJ, equiva-
lent to 8.5 times the world’s energy consumption in 2008 (532 EJ). On the other hand,
world-proven oil reserves at the end of 2011 reached 1652.6 billion barrels, which
can only meet 54.2 years of global production. Therefore, alternative resources are
needed to both supplement and replace fossil oils as the raw material for trans-
portation fuels, chemicals and materials in petroleum-based industries. Renewable
biomass is a likely candidate, because it is prevalent over the Earth and is readily
converted to other products. Compared with coal, some of the advantages of bio-
mass are: (i) its carbon-neutral and sustainable nature when properly managed; (ii)
its reactivity in biological conversion processes; (iii) its potential to produce bio-oil
(ca. yields of 75%) by fast pyrolysis because of its high oxygen content; (iv) its low
sulphur and lack of undesirable contaminants (e.g. metals, nitrogen content) (v) its
wide geographical distribution and (vi) its potential for creating jobs and industries
in energy crop productions and conversion plants. Many researchers, governments,
research institutions and industries are developing projects for converting biomass
including forest woody and herbaceous biomass into chemicals, biofuels and mate-
rials and the race is on for creating new “biorefinery” processes needed for future
economies. The development of biorefineries will create remarkable opportunities
for the forestry sector, biotechnology, materials, chemical processing industry, and
stimulate advances in agriculture. It will help to create a sustainable society and
industries that use renewable and carbon-neutral resources.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11687
Zhen Fang · Richard L. Smith, Jr. · Xinhua Qi
Editors
Production of Biofuels
and Chemicals
with Ultrasound
1 3
Editors
Zhen Fang Xinhua Qi
Biomass Group, Key Laboratory Nankai University
of Tropical Plant Resources Tianjin
and Sustainable Use China
Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Kunming
China
Richard L. Smith, Jr.
Tohoku University
Sendai
Japan
ISSN 2214-1537 ISSN 2214-1545 (electronic)
ISBN 978-94-017-9623-1 ISBN 978-94-017-9624-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9624-8
Library of Congress Control Number: 2014953925
Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London
© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015
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Preface
As a renewable resource and substitute of traditional fossil resources, conver-
sion of biomass into chemicals, materials, biofuels and energy is one of the most
important research topics today. The application of process intensification tech-
niques such as ultrasound irradiation in biorefineries has been proved to be able
to increase energy efficiency, shorten reaction time and improve product yields.
The present text provides up-to-date fundamentals, state-of-the-art reviews, cur-
rent assessments and prospects in this area that includes aspects of reactors design,
ultrasound assisted pretreatment, extraction and transformation of lignocellulose,
microalgae and the other wastes to materials, chemicals and biofuels. The techno-
economic analysis of the processes and some other auxiliary methods such as
catalysis and mechanochemical techniques used in the pretreatment and transfor-
mations are also covered.
This book is the fourth book of the series entitled, Biofuels and Biorefineries,
and it consists of 12 chapters contributed by leading experts in the field around the
world. The chapters are categorized into three parts:
Part I: Fundamentals and Reactors (Chaps. 1–3)
Part II: Biodiesel: Extraction and Production (Chaps. 4–6)
Part III: Lignocellulose and Industrial Waste: Pretreatment and Conversions
(Chaps. 7–12).
Chapter 1 provides an overview of the dynamics, mechanisms and theories of
acoustic cavitation in sonochemistry. Chapter 2 illustrates physical and chemical
mechanisms of ultrasound-assisted processes involved in the synthesis of biofuels.
Chapter 3 describes reactor configurations for both transesterification and esteri-
fication for the production of methyl esters from vegetable oils. Chapter 4 reviews
ultrasound applications in lipid extractions from algal biomass and challenges
associated with the processes. Chapter 5 covers microalgae lipid extraction by the
ultrasound-assisted method accompanied with solvents and the characteristics of
the obtained fuel. Chapter 6 describes the synthesis of biodiesel and bioethanol by
employing microwave and sonochemistry. Chapter 7 gives an overview of the tech-
nology associated with the conversion of biomass into biofuels. Chapter 8 focuses
v
vi Preface
on the production of biogas through ultrasound pretreatment of lignocellulosic
materials, manures, sludges and microalgae. Chapter 9 shows methods for the ultra-
sonic vibration-assisted pelleting of cellulosic biomass for biofuel production and
includes t opics on pellet quality, pellet sugar yield, pelleting energy consumption and
pelleting conditions. Chapter 10 focuses on the treatment of biomass with mechani-
cal and combined chemical and mechanical techniques. Chapter 11 deals with
the valorization of starch-based industrial waste into sugars employing ultrasound
and microwave technologies. Chapter 12 provides a methodology for performing a
techno-economic assessment during the development process and a framework for its
application for the ultrasonic production of biofuels and chemicals.
This book covers a wide range of scientific and technical aspects of ultrasound
that are used in conversion of biomass to bioenergy, biofuels, bio-based chemi-
cals and materials. The reactor design techniques and techno-economic assessment
necessary for the process are also included. The text will be of interest to students,
researchers, academicians and industrialists in the areas of biomass processing,
sonochemistry technique, and bioenergy and bioproduct development.
Acknowledgments
First and foremost, we would like to cordially thank all the contributing authors
for their great efforts in writing the chapters and ensuring the reliability of the
information given in their chapters. Their contributions have really made this pro-
ject realizable.
Apart from the efforts of authors, we would also like to acknowledge the
individuals listed below for carefully reading the book chapters and giving con-
structive comments that significantly improved the quality of many aspects of the
chapters:
Dr. Daria C. Boffito, Polytechnique Montréal, Université de Montréal, Canada;
Prof. Chieh-Ming Chang, National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan, ROC;
Dr. Shih-Yuan Chen, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and
Technology (AIST), Japan;
Prof. Giancarlo Cravotto, University of Turin, Italy;
Dr. Veera Gnaneswar Gude, Mississippi State University, USA;
Dr. Tamara Hamilton, Barry University, USA;
Dr. Hanwu Lei, Washington State University, USA;
Dr. Lin Li, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA;
Dr. Carol S.K. Lin, City University of Hong Kong, China;
Dr. Huang-Mu Lo, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taiwan, ROC;
Dr. Jia Luo, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China;
Prof. Sivakumar Manickam, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus,
Malaysia;
Prof. Vijayanand Suryakant Moholkar, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati,
India;
Dr. Melissa Montalbo-Lomboy, Iowa State University, USA;
Prof. Dmitry Yu. Murzin, Åbo Akademi University, Finland;
Prof. A.B. Pandit, University of Mumbai, India;
Dr. Binod Parameswaran, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and
Technology, India;
Dr. Virendra K. Rathod, Institute of Chemical Technology, India;
vii
viii Acknowledgments
Dr. Muhammad Saif Ur Rehman, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and
Technology, Korea;
Dr. Sebastian Schwede, Mälardalen University, Sweden;
Dr. Achim Stolle, Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena, Germany;
Prof. Jochen Strube, Clausthal University of Technology, Germany;
Dr. Shuntaro Tsubaki, Kochi University, Japan;
Dr. Maobing Tu, Auburn University, USA;
Dr. Maryline Abert Vian, University of Avignon, France;
Dr. Hui Wang, Florida A&M University—Florida State University, USA;
Prof. Jianli Wang, Zhejiang University of Technology, China;
Prof. Yo-ping Greg Wu, National Ilan University, Taiwan, ROC;
Dr. Chengying “Cheryl” Xu, Florida State University, USA;
Prof. Yang Zhang, the University of Sheffield, UK.
We are also grateful to Ms. Becky Zhao (senior editor) and Ms. Abbey Huang
(editorial assistant) for their encouragement, assistance and guidance during the
preparation of the book.
Finally, we would like to express our deepest gratitude towards our families for
their love, understanding and encouragement, which helped us in completion of
this project.
Kunming, September 2014
Sendai
Tianjin
Zhen Fang
Richard L. Smith, Jr.
Xinhua Qi
Contents
Part I Fundamentals and Reactors
1 Fundamentals of Acoustic Cavitation in Sonochemistry ............ 3
Jia Luo, Zhen Fang, Richard L. Smith, Jr. and Xinhua Qi
2 Physical and Chemical Mechanisms of Ultrasound
in Biofuel Synthesis .......................................... 35
V.S. Moholkar, Hanif A. Choudhury, Shuchi Singh, Swati Khanna,
Amrita Ranjan, Sankar Chakma and Jaykumar Bhasarkar
3 Batch and Continuous Ultrasonic Reactors for the Production
of Methyl Esters from Vegetable Oils ........................... 87
D.C. Boffito, J.-M. Leveque, C. Pirola, C.L. Bianchi, R. Vibert,
A. Perrier and G.S. Patience
Part II Biodiesel: Extraction and Production
4 Ultrasound Applications in Lipid Extractions from Microalgae ..... 117
Ramya Natarajan, Xue Chen and Raymond Lau
5 Microalgae Lipid Extraction Methods and the Fuel
Characteristics of Isochrysis galbana
by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction ............................. 141
Cherng-Yuan Lin, Li-Wei Chen and Bo-Yu Lin
6 Employing Novel Techniques (Microwave and Sonochemistry)
in the Synthesis of Biodiesel and Bioethanol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Indra Neel Pulidindi and Aharon Gedanken
ix
