Product Design for the Environment: A Life Cycle Approach

471 Pages·2006·7.041 MB·English

by  Fabio Giudice, Guido La Rosa, Antonino Risitano

Product Design
for the Environment
A Life Cycle Approach
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Product Design
for the Environment
A Life Cycle Approach
Fabio Giudice
Guido La Rosa
Antonino Risitano
Boca Raton London New York
A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the
Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
2722_Discl.fm Page 1 Tuesday, November 29, 2005 1:18 PM
Published in 2006 by
CRC Press
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© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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The Tao works to use the excess, and gives to that which is depleted.
The way of man is to take from the depleted,
and give to those who already have an excess.
La Via del Cielo toglie il sovrappiù e aggiunge ciò che manca.
La Via degli uomini, al contrario, non è così:
essi tolgono dove c’ è mancanza per offrirlo dove c’ è un sovrappiù.
Tao Tê Ching
VI-III BC
Design, if it is to be ecologically responsible and socially responsive,
must be revolutionary and radical in the truest sense.
It must dedicate itself to nature’s principle of least effort [ ... ]
That means consuming less, using things longer, recycling materials,
and probably not wasting paper printing books.
La progettazione, se vuole essere ecologicamente responsabile e socialmente
rispondente deve essere rivoluzionaria e radicale nel senso più vero .
Deve votarsi al principio del minimo sforzo adottato dalla natura [ ... ]
Ciò signifi ca consumare meno, usare più a lungo, riciclare i materiali ,
e probabilmente non sprecare carta stampando libri (come questo).
Victor Papanek
Design for the Real World
XX AD
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Contents
List of Figures xix
List of Tables xxv
Preface xxvii
Acknowledgments xxxi
Author Biographies xxxiii
1. From Sustainable Development
to Design for Environment 1
1.1 Sustainable Development 1
1.1.1 Key Factors in Sustainable Development
and the Role of Environmental Protection 2
1.1.2 Role of Science and Technology 4
1.2 Industrial Ecology 5
1.2.1 Scope and Evolution
of the Ecological Metaphor 6
1.2.2 Defi nition of Industrial Ecology 8
1.2.3 Objectives and Approaches
of Industrial Ecology 10
1.2.4 Typologies of Cycles in Nature and
Translation into Industrial Ecosystems 10
1.2.5 Effi ciency of Industrial Ecosystems
and Determining Factors 12
1.3 Design in the Context of the Environmental
Question 13
1.4 Design for Environment 15
1.4.1 DFE: Defi nition and Approach 15
1.4.2 Approaches to
Optimal Environmental Performance 17
1.4.3 Area of Intervention of DFE 19
1.4.4 Implementation of DFE and
General Guidelines 20
1.4.5 Orientation of DFE Evolution 21
1.5 Concepts, Tools, and Approaches to
the Environmental Question: Overview 22
1.6 Standards and Regulations
Oriented toward Environmental Quality of Products 24
1.6.1 Environmental Standards
and Product Certifi cation 25
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viii Contents
1.6.2 Extension of Manufacturer Responsibility 26
1.6.2.1 The European Example 27
1.7 Summary 28
1.8 References 29
Part I—Life Cycle Approach
2. Life Cycle Approach and
the Product–System Concept and Modeling 37
2.1 Life Cycle Concept and Theory 37
2.1.1 Life Cycle Theory: General Concepts 37
2.1.2 Life Cycle Theory in the Management
of Product Development 39
2.2 Life Cycle and the Product–System Concept 40
2.3 Product–System and Environmental Impact 43
2.3.1 Environmental Aspects of the
Consumption of Energy Resources 46
2.3.2 Emission Phenomena and Environmental
Effects 47
2.4 Life Cycle Modeling 48
2.4.1 Approach to Environmental
Performance 49
2.4.2 Modeling by Elementary Function or Activity 49
2.4.3 Typologies of Activity Models 51
2.5 Product Life Cycle: Reference Model 52
2.5.1 Main Phases of the Life Cycle 52
2.5.1.1 Preproduction 53
2.5.1.2 Production 54
2.5.1.3 Distribution 55
2.5.1.4 Use 55
2.5.1.5 Retirement and Disposal 56
2.5.2 Flows of Material Resources
and Recovery Levels 56
2.6 Summary 58
2.7 References 58
3. Life Cycle Design and Management 61
3.1 Life Cycle Approach in Product Design 61
3.1.1 Life Cycle Design 63
3.2 Life Cycle Design Oriented toward
Environmental Performance of Products 65
3.2.1 Characteristics, Objectives, and Approach 67
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Contents ix
3.2.2 Guidelines for Design 70
3.2.3 Tools to Evaluate Environmental
Performance of Products 71
3.2.4 Life Cycle Simulation 75
3.3 Life Cycle Management 76
3.4 Summary 77
3.5 References 78
4. Life Cycle Assessment 83
4.1 Environmental Analysis and Evaluation
of the Life Cycle 83
4.1.1 Origins and Evolution 84
4.1.2 Introduction of Life Cycle Assessment
and Concept Development 86
4.2 Premises, Properties, and Framework of Life
Cycle Assessment 87
4.2.1 Defi nition of Life Cycle and Product–System 88
4.2.2 Methodological Framework of LCA 89
4.2.3 Phases of LCA in ISO Standards 92
4.2.3.1 ISO 14040: 1997—Principles
and Framework 92
4.2.3.2 ISO 14041: 1998—Life Cycle
Inventory (LCI) 94
4.2.3.3 ISO 14042: 2000—Life Cycle Impact
Assessment (LCIA) 95
4.2.3.4 ISO 14043: 2000—Life Cycle
Interpretation 95
4.3 Fields of Application and Limitations
of Life Cycle Assessment 96
4.4 Overview of Practical Approaches and Tools
for Life Cycle Assessment 97
4.4.1 Full LCA 98
4.4.2 Streamlined LCA 98
4.4.3 Alternative Approaches 101
4.4.3.1 Activity-based LCA 101
4.4.3.2 Input–Output LCA 101
4.4.4 Software Tools 102
4.5 Summary 103
4.6 References 104
5. Life Cycle Cost Analysis 111
5.1 Cost Analysis and the Life Cycle Approach 111
5.1.1 From Assessment of Production Costs
to Economic Analysis of Life Cycle 113
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x Contents
5.2 Product Life Cycle Cost Analysis 114
5.2.1 Premises and Defi nition of LCCA 116
5.2.2 General Framework for LCCA 118
5.2.2.1 Preliminary Defi nitions 118
5.2.2.2 Cost Valuation 119
5.2.2.3 Results Analysis 119
5.2.2.4 Decision Making 120
5.2.3 Decomposition of Costs and Cost
Breakdown Structure 120
5.2.4 Life Cycle Cost Models 121
5.2.5 Cost Estimating 122
5.3 Evolution of Models for Product Life Cycle
Cost Analysis 125
5.3.1 Function Costing 126
5.3.2 Activity-based Costing 126
5.3.3 Feature-based Costing 127
5.4 Reference Standards and Codes of Practice 127
5.4.1 Standard IEC 60300–3-3:
Life Cycle Costing 128
5.5 Summary 131
5.6 References 132
6. Integrated Economic–Environmental Analysis
of the Life Cycle 135
6.1 Life Cycle Cost Analysis
and Environmental Aspects 135
6.1.1 Scenario of LCCA Extended
to Environmental Aspects 137
6.2 Environmental Costs and Environmental Accounting 139
6.2.1 Environmental Accounting 141
6.2.2 Typologies of Environmental Accounting 141
6.3 Integration between LCCA and LCA 142
6.3.1 Integrated Economic–Environmental
Approach in Life Cycle Management 145
6.4 Other Approaches to Economic–Environmental
Analysis: Eco-Cost Models 145
6.5 Summary 147
6.6 References 147
Part II—Methodological Statement
7. Product Design and Development Process 153
7.1 Product Design and Development 153
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Contents xi
7.1.1 Contexts and Perspectives of Product
Development: General Overview 154
7.1.2 Summary of the Product Development Process 156
7.2 Product Design 158
7.2.1 Engineering Design 159
7.2.2 Organization and Decomposition
in Product Design 160
7.2.2.1 Integration and Decomposition
of Product Architecture 161
7.2.2.2 Integration and Decomposition
of Design Process 162
7.2.3 Product Design Process 162
7.2.3.1 Typologies of Design Process Models 163
7.2.3.2 Reference Model 164
7.2.4 Product Design in the Context
of the Product Development Process 167
7.2.4.1 Relation with the Development
Process Planning Phase 167
7.2.4.2 Relation with the Postdesign
Planning Phase 168
7.3 Methodological Evolution in Product Design 169
7.3.1 Concurrent Engineering 171
7.3.1.1 Characteristic Features of Concurrent
Engineering 172
7.3.1.2 Concurrent Engineering
and Life Cycle Approach 174
7.3.2 Design for X and Design-Centered
Development Model 176
7.3.2.1 The Design for X System 177
7.3.2.2 Objective Properties and
Design for X Tools 178
7.3.2.3 Choice of Design for X Tools
and Their Use in the Design Process 179
7.3.2.4 Design for X and Design-Centered
Model in Relation to
Other Methodological Approaches 181
7.4 Summary 181
7.5 References 182
8. Integration of Environmental Aspects in Product Design 187
8.1 Orientation toward Environmental Aspects in the Design
Process 187
8.1.1 Premises for the Integration of Environmental
Requirements 188
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xii Contents
8.1.2 Interventions in the Product Development Process 190
8.2 Environmental Strategies for the Life Cycle Approach 191
8.2.1 Environmental Strategies in Product Design 193
8.2.2 Useful Life Extension Strategies 195
8.2.3 End-of-Life Strategies 196
8.2.4 Introduction of Environmental Strategies
into the Design Process 197
8.3 Tools and Techniques for
Environmental Requirements of the Life Cycle 201
8.3.1 Role of Design for X 201
8.3.2 DFX Tools for Environmental
Strategies 202
8.4 Integration in Product Development: Proposed
Framework 203
8.4.1 Tools and Techniques for Integrated
Design: Overview 205
8.5 Toward an International Standard:
The ISO/TR 14062 Technical Report 208
8.5.1 General Premises and Fundamental
Concepts 209
8.5.2 Environmental Objectives and Design
Strategies 210
8.5.3 Integration of Environmental Aspects
in the Design Process 210
8.6 Summary 211
8.7 References 212
9. Life Cycle Environmental Strategies and
Considerations for Product Design 217
9.1 Strategies for Improving Resources Exploitation and
Determinant Factors 217
9.1.1 Infl uence of External Factors and Product
Durability 219
9.1.2 Identifi cation of Optimal Strategies 220
9.1.3 Use Process Modeling 223
9.2 Strategies for Extension of Useful Life and Design
Considerations 224
9.2.1 Design for Serviceability 226
9.2.1.1 Main Aspects of Serviceability 226
9.2.1.2 Parameters of Constructional
System Reliability 227
9.2.2 Quantitative Evaluation of Serviceability
Properties 227
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