Table Of ContentNANOMATERIALS L
u
q
u
e
| B Edited by
a
lu Rafael Luque
Producing Fuels and Fine Chemicals
Alina Mariana Balu
Biomass Using Nanomaterials
from
Scarcity of resources and increasing population and energy demands are important
issues of the twenty-first century. A multidisciplinary approach is needed to produce
suitable alternatives—such as renewable resources—for a more sustainable future. One
P
of the most promising and widely available renewable feedstocks is biomass, which r
o
has significant potential for conversion to materials, fuels, and chemicals. In addition,
d
nanomaterials can be designed for a range of applications including energy storage, B u
i c
fuel production, and nanocatalysis. Designing nanomaterials for the valorization o i
m n
of biomass and waste feedstocks is a major step in advancing the application of g
nanomaterials and helping to move us toward the goal of a sustainable economy. as F
s u
U e Producing Fuels
Producing Fuels and Fine Chemicals from Biomass Using Nanomaterials l
s s
offers a wide-ranging approach to the development of innovative nanomaterials for in a
n
biomass conversion and the production of energy and high-added-value chemicals, g d
including biochemicals, biomaterials, and biofuels. The book is organized into three N F
and
parts according to nanomaterial applications: Nanomaterials for Energy Storage and a in
n e
Conversion, Biofuels from Biomass Valorization Using Nanomaterials, and Production o
C
m
of High-Added-Value Chemicals from Biomass Using Nanomaterials. h Fine Chemicals
a e
t m
Providing a multidisciplinary perspective, this book covers the most important aspects e
r i
of topics such as solar energy storage, design of carbonaceous nanomaterials i c
a a
from
as heterogeneous catalysts for producing biofuels, catalytic reforming of biogas ls ls
into syngas using a range of nanoparticles, and biofuels production from waste f
r
o
oils and fats. It also describes the design and development of biocatalytic, solid
m Biomass Using
acid, photocatalytic, and nanostructured materials for the conversion of various
biomass feedstocks to valuable chemicals as intermediates to end products, such as
biopolymers, bioplastics, biofuels, agrochemicals, and pharmaceutical products.
Nanomaterials
K15273
6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW
Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487
711 Third Avenue
New York, NY 10017
an informa business
2 Park Square, Milton Park
www.crcpress.com Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK www.crcpress.com
K15273_cover.indd 1 9/10/13 5:04 PM
Producing Fuels
and
Fine Chemicals
from
Biomass Using
Nanomaterials
Edited by
Rafael Luque
Alina Mariana Balu
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20130815
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-5340-8 (eBook - PDF)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts
have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume
responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers
have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to
copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has
not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmit-
ted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.
com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood
Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and
registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC,
a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used
only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
Contents
Preface........................................................................................................................v
Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................vii
Editors .......................................................................................................................ix
Contributors ..............................................................................................................xi
Chapter 1 Introduction to Production of Valuable Compounds from
Biomass and Waste Valorization Using Nanomaterials .......................1
Alina M. Balu and Rafael Luque
Section i nanomaterials for energy Storage and
conversion
Chapter 2 Green Carbon Nanomaterials: From Biomass to Carbon ....................7
Maria-Magdalena Titirici
Chapter 3 Carbon Materials and Their Energy Conversion and Storage
Applications ........................................................................................59
Ji Liang, Ruifeng Zhou, Denisa Hulicova-Jurcakova, and
Shi Zhang Qiao
Chapter 4 Solar Energy Storage with Nanomaterials .........................................95
Nurxat Nuraje, Sarkyt Kudaibergenov, and Ramazan Asmatulu
Section ii Biofuels from Biomass Valorization
Using nanomaterials
Chapter 5 Catalytic Reforming of Biogas into Syngas Using Supported
Noble-Metal and Transition-Metal Catalysts ...................................121
Albin Pintar, Petar Djinović, Boštjan Erjavec, and
Ilja Gasan Osojnik Črnivec
iii
iv Contents
Chapter 6 Sulfated Inorganic Oxides for Methyl Esters Production:
Traditional and Ultrasound-Assisted Techniques ............................137
Daria C. Boffito, Carlo Pirola, Claudia L. Bianchi,
Giuseppina Cerrato, Sara Morandi, and Muthupandian Ashokkumar
Chapter 7 Nanoheterogeneous Design of Biocatalysts for Biomass
Valorization ......................................................................................163
Madalina Tudorache, Simona Coman, and Vasile I. Parvulescu
Section iii P roduction of High–Added-Value
chemicals from Biomass Using
nanomaterials
Chapter 8 Nanostructured Solid Catalysts in the Conversion of Cellulose
and Cellulose-Derived Platform Chemicals .....................................181
Marcus Rose, Peter J. C. Hausoul, and Regina Palkovits
Chapter 9 Chemocatalytic Processes for the Production of Bio- Based
Chemicals from Carbohydrates ........................................................223
Jan C. van der Waal and Ed de Jong
Chapter 10 Synthesis of Fine Chemicals Using Catalytic Nanomaterials:
Structure Sensitivity .........................................................................267
Dmitry Yu. Murzin, Yuliya Demidova, Benjamin Hasse,
Bastian Etzold, and Irina L. Simakova
Chapter 11 Tunable Biomass Transformations by Means of Photocatalytic
Nanomaterials ..................................................................................283
Juan Carlos Colmenares Quintero
Preface
The design of novel and innovative methodologies to maximize current available
resources without compromising the future of coming generations is one of the most
important challenges of the 21st century. The scarcity of resources and the expected
increase in population and energy demands are two of the most important issues to
be addressed. In this regard, green chemical and low environmental-impact tech-
nologies combined with renewable resources through innovation will be able to offer
alternatives to potentially useful processes for a more sustainable bio-based society
in which we will move away from the petrol-based economy we have relied upon
the past 50-plus years. Biomass is one of the most promising and widely available
renewable feedstocks that has a significant potential to offer a number of alterna-
tives to be converted to materials, fuels, and chemicals. Waste residues can also par-
tially help in contributing to this aim, leading to advanced valorization technologies
for energy and fuels production. On the other hand, nanotechnology and nanomate-
rials development have experienced a staggering evolution in recent decades to the
point that scientists are currently able to design and optimize a surprisingly signifi-
cant number of nanomaterials for an extensive range of applications including energy
storage, fuels production, biomedicine, and nanocatalysis, which are also taken to
industrial and commercial practices. Combining the design of nanomaterials for the
valorization of biomass and waste feedstocks to energy and chemicals as well as to
(solar) energy storage can constitute a major step forward to further advancing cur-
rent society in a scientific understanding of properties and alternative applications of
nanomaterials in our goal toward a sustainable biorefinery-based economy.
In light of these premises, this book aims to provide a comprehensive and most
varied approach to the development of innovative nanomaterials for the produc-
tion of energy and high added-value chemicals through the use of nanomaterials
via energy storage, solar conversion, and biomass and waste valorization practices.
The book contains a range of topics bringing together disciplines such as photo-
catalysis, energy storage, biofuels, cellulose conversion, carbonaceous nanomateri-
als, supported nanoparticles, among others, aiming to provide a multidisciplinary
approach to the fascinating area of nanomaterials properties and applications. We
hope this timely book will be able to inspire scientists to devise ever innovative and
low environmental-impact alternatives to contribute to the advancement of mankind
and we look forward to enjoying further advances in the field in the next few years.
With best wishes for an enjoyable reading.
v
Acknowledgments
Rafael Luque gratefully acknowledges support from the Spanish MICINN via the
concession of a RyC contract (ref. RYC-2009-04199) and funding under projects P10-
FQM-6711 (Consejeria de Ciencia e Innovacion, Junta de Andalucia) and CTQ2011
28954-C02-02 (MICINN). He is also indebted to his co-editor, Alina Mariana Balu,
for her hard work, dedication, support, and patience in the process of developing the
book.
Both editors would like to dedicate this book to the memory of their former men-
tor, colleague, and friend Professor Juan Manuel Campelo, who unexpectedly passed
away in October 2012.
vii
Editors
Rafael Luque earned his PhD in 2005 from Universidad
de Cordoba, Spain. He has amassed significant experience
on biomass and waste valorization practices to materials,
fuels, and chemicals over the past 10 years. He has also
published over 150 research articles, filed 3 patent applica-
tions, and edited 5 books as well as made numerous con-
tributions to book chapters. He has been an invited guest,
and keynote lecturer worldwide in the areas of (nano)mate-
rials science, heterogeneous (nano)catalysis, microwave
and flow chemistry, biofuels, and green chemical methods
in synthetic organic chemistry. Dr. Luque is also a mem-
ber of the editorial advisory boards of several journals including Chemical Society
Reviews, Catalysis Communications, Current Organic Synthesis, Current Green
Chemistry, Journal of Technology Innovations in Renewable Energy, Sustainable
Chemical Processes, and has recently been appointed as editor-in-chief of the sec-
tion “Porous Materials” of the journal Materials.
Among recent awards and recognition to his scientific career, Dr. Luque was
awarded the Marie Curie Prize from Instituto Andaluz de Quimica Fina in Spain
(2011), the Green Talents award from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research
in Germany (2011), and the TR35 Spain 2012 from MIT (USA) as one of the top 10
innovative young entrepreneurs of Spain last year. He has also been recently hon-
ored as Distinguished Engineering Fellow 2013 from the Hong Kong University of
Science and Technology (HKUST). Dr. Luque also combines his academic duties
with his activities as a young entrepreneur after co-founding the spinoff companies
Starbon® Technologies at York, UK (2011), and Green Applied Solutions S.L. in
Cordoba, Spain (2012).
Alina Mariana Balu earned her PhD in 2012 from
Universidad de Cordoba, Spain. Her work focuses on alter-
native and greener methodologies in chemistry, including
novel technologies for materials preparation, the production
of biofuels, and photocatalysis—a greener alternative for
the production of chemicals and energy. As part of her PhD
thesis, Balu brought together three important disciplines—
nanomaterials, energy, and environment— and led a multi-
disciplinary team to develop more sustainable processes
for the preparation of supported nano particles for various
energy and environmental applications. This included the
production of advanced second- generation biofuels and high added-value chemi-
cals as well as biomass valorization and environmental remediation. Dr. Balu has
ix
