Table Of ContentProcessing by Centrifugation
Processing by Centrifugation
Edited by
Liya L. Regel William R. Wilcox
and
Clarkson University
Putsdam, New York
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Processing by centrifugationledited by Liya Regal and William R. Wilcox.
p. cm.
Inc1udes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-1-4613-5195-5 ISBN 978-1-4615-0687-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-0687-4
1. Materials-Effect of high gravity on-Congresses. 1. Regel', L. L. II. Wilcox.
William R. III. International Workshop on Materials Processing in High Gravity (4th:
2000: Potsdam, N.Y.)
TA417.7.H53 C47 2001
620.1 , 12-dc21
2001038547
Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Materials Processing at High Gravity, held May 29-June 2,
2000, at Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York
ISBN 978-1-4613-5195-5
©2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York
OriginaIly published by Kluwer AcademiclPlenum Publishers, New York in 2001
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 2001
http://www.wkap.nl
\0987654321
A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
AII rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
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Publisher
"We judge ourselves by what we feel capable of
doing, while others judge us by what we have
already done." (Henry Wadsworth Longfellow)
PREFACE
Advances in every field of science and technology are no longer measured in
centuries or decades, but in years and even months. They seem to surpass in attainments
and scope anything that Man has achieved in the past. In the last decade of the 20th
century we witnessed an upsurge in our knowledge of the important role played by
gravity in materials processing. This knowledge was gained by experiments in orbiting
spacecraft (microgravity) and on centrifuges (macrogravity), as well as by theoretical
modeling. Our emphasis here is on research done on centrifuges and other rotating
systems.
The interest in centrifugal materials processing was largely stimulated by the
mysterious results of the first experiments in 1987 with my colleague and friend
Huguette Rodot from CNRS in Meudon. From the beginning, we both realized the
attractive opportunity presented by the availahility of large centrifuges in Russia and in
France for crystal growth and other materials processing. We both found it difficult to
deal with the skeptical criticism from some of our colleagues, but that didn't deter us.
Others began to find high gravity research interesting. Those of like mind gathered to
discuss their results and thoughts in 1991 at the First International Workshop on
Materials Processing at High Gravity at Dubna in Russia. Subsequently, three other
workshops have been held at Clarkson University.
I am also proud to mention here that the proceedings of the Third International
Workshop on Materials Processing at High Gravity, published in book form as
"Centrifugal Materials Processing" in 1997 by Plenum, received the Best Book Award
from the International Academy of Astronautics in 1998 in Melbourne. This was
wonderful recognition for all the researchers who have been contributed to this
fascinating field.
The present volume constitutes the proceedings of the exciting Fourth International
Workshop on Materials Processing at High Gravity, held at Clarkson University May 29
to June 2, 2000. There were more than 75 attendees from 16 countries. Since the topics
extended well beyond materials processing, it was felt appropriate to name this
proceedings "Processing by Centrifugation." It includes applications of the traditional
bench-scale centrifuges, but also all rotating systems utilizing the centrifugal and
Coriolis forces to provide unique performance. Centrifugation on a bench-scale
apparatus led to the formation of sticky, porous Teflon membranes, as well as improved
v
polymeric solar cells. Centrifugation on large equipment improved the chemical vapor
deposition of diamond films, influenced the growth and dissolution of semiconductor
crystals, and elucidated the influence of gravity on coagulation of colloidal Teflon. A
million-g centrifuge was constructed and used to study sedimentation in solids and to
prepare compositionally graded materials and new phases. Rotation of a pipe about its
axis allowed the casting of large-diameter metal alloy pipes as well as coating the
interior of pipes with a cermet utilizing self-propagating high-temperature synthesis.
Such coatings are highly corrosion and erosion resistant. Flow on a rotating disk was
shown to be useful for process intensification, e.g. large-scale manufacturing of nano
particles, polymerization reactions, and heat & mass transfer. Several theoretical studies
dealt with the influence of rotation on fluid convection on surfaces and in pipes, tubes,
and porous media. These have applications to integrated-circuit chip manufacturing,
alloy casting, oil production, crystal growth, and the operation of rotating machinery.
While I was researching, writing, planning, conceptualizing, organizing, and talking
to all contributors, many friends were at my side. The close professional association
with all contributors provided the most rewarding and the richest experience arising
from hosting this successful fourth international conference and following up with this
fourth proceedings. In editing the papers, we made every effort to retain the authors'
syntactic and verbal texture, while seeking consistency and readability. All authors
strove to convey the flavor of their excellent presentations. lowe them a special thanks
for their skill and insight, and for making the collaboration such a pleasure. This book is
theirs. All aspects of the work on this volume were done equally by Bill Wilcox and
me; the order of our names as editors is purely alphabetical.
We greatly appreciate the financial support. of the U.S. National Science
Foundation, the Petroleum Research Fund of the American Chemical Society, Coming
Corporation, and the New York State Center for Advanced Materials Processing at
Clarkson University. We are grateful to those at Clarkson University who so
competently handled meeting facilities, housing, etc. Our graduate students particularly
deserve awards for helping attendees 'With travel, setup of projection equipment,
entertainment after the banquet, and innumerable other tasks. Our apologies to those
whose contributions we have overlooked. The continual encouragement and support of
my family and my friends are deeply and sincerely appreciated. My heartfelt thanks TO
my mother for everything she did for me. She was more than the usual patient and
understanding parent. I'm very sorry she couldn't see this new book.
Liya L. Regel. Chair of Workshops and Co-Editor
International Center for Gravity Materials Science and Applications
Clarkson University
Potsdam NY 13699-5814 USA
vi
CONTENTS
Vibration during Centrifugation ....................................................................................... 1
L.L. Regel, W.R. Wilcox, R. Derebail, and P.V. Skudamov
Application of the Spinning-Disc Technology for
Process Intensification in the Chemical Process Industry ........................................ 7
K.V.K. Boodhoo and R.J.J. lachuck
Synthesis and Application of NanoparticIes by Multiphase
Reactive Precipitation in a High-Gravity Reactor: I: Experimental ........................ 19
1. Chen and Y. Wang
Synthesis and Application of Nanoparticles by Multiphase
Reactive Precipitation in a High-Gravity Reactor: II: Modeling ............................. 29
Y. Wang and 1. Chen
Spreading of a Thin Liquid Drop under the Influence of
Gravity, Rotation and Non-Uniform Surface Tension ............................................. 37
E. Momoniat
Recovery of Diluted Components from Large Aqueous Streams
by an Extremely Compact, Centrifugal Countercurrent Adsorption System .............. 45
L.A.M. van der Wielen, M.A.T. Bisschops and K.Ch.A.M. Luyben
Gas-Phase Mass Transfer in a Centrifugal
Gas-Liquid Contactor with a Stack of Flexible Disks as Packing ........................... 51
R. Mukherjee, D. Deb, P. Sandilya and D. P. Rao
Analytical Ultracentrifugation: A Valuable
Tool to Recognize Crystallization Conditions of Proteins ..................................... 61
1. Behlke and O. Ristau
The Effect of Centrifugation on the Composition,
Structure and Properties of Ionic Compound Crystals ........................................... 71
S.P. Nikanorov, V.N. Gurin, L.I. Derkachenko, A.P. Nechitailov,
LN. Zimkin, Z.L Uspenskaya,V.N. Osipov, M.M. Korsukova, and L.L. Regel
vii
Alteration of the Chemical Composition of
Solid Solutions and Eutectics by Centrifugation ....................................................... 77
V.N. Gurin, S.P. Nikanorov, A.P. Nechitailov, V.N. Osipov,
Z.I. Uspenskaya, M.M. Korsukova, and L.L. Regel
Dissolution Rate of GaP Crystal on a Centrifuge .............................................................. 83
Y. Inatomi, K Horiuchi, and K Kuribayashi
Influence of Centrifugation on the Conductivity of Poly-N-Epoxypropylcarbazole
-Copper Phthalocyanine Films Deposited from Solution ......................................... 93
K Karimov, K Akhmedov, M. Mahroof-Tahir, R.M. Gul, and A. Ashurov
Physical Vapor Transport of CuPc Organic Thin Films in High Gravity .......................... 99
K Karimov, S. BeIlingeri, and Y. Abe
Diamond Synthesized by DC-Plasma CVD at High Gravity ........................................... 107
M. Nakazato, T. Suzuki, Y. Nagasaka, Y. Abe, S. BeIlingeri, and G. Maizza
Influence of Centrifugation on Diamond
Film Deposition by Chemical Vapor Transport ....................................................... 113
L.L. Regel and W.R. Wilcox
Polymer Synthesis in a Centrifugal Field ......................................................................... 121
KG. Kostarev and A.V. Shmyrov
Utilization of Microgravity and High Gravity
to Prepare Materials with ControIled Properties ...................................................... 127
V.A. Briskman, KG. Kostarev, and A.V. Shmyrov
Influence of Centrifugation on Coagulation of CoIloidal Dispersions of Teflon™ .......... 133
J. Simmons, L.L. Regel, W.R. Wilcox, and R. Partch
Boundary Conditions in Diffusional Growth and Sedimentation ..................................... 141
V. Privman and 1. Park
Simulation of Sedimentation of Atoms in a Binary Alloy in Strong Gravity ................... 149
M. Ono and T. Mashimo
Mega-Gravity Experiment on In-Pb Alloy ....................................................................... 155
T. Mashimo, M. Ono, T. Kinoshita and H. Kanegae
Molecular Gradation in Glass by Using High Gravity:
A Novel Method for Si-Ti Graded-Glass Preparation .............................................. 159
M. Nishihara, H. Ihara, T. Sagawa, R. Nishimura, S. Matsuzaki and T. Mashimo
High-Velocity Sedimentation to Determine Conformational
and Hydrodynamic Parameters of NitroceIlulose Macromolecules .......................... 163
V.A. Malchevsky
viii
Mechanical Properties of Nitrocellulose Composite Materials ........................................ 171
V.A. Malchevsky
Centrifugal Casting of AI-25%w Cu Alloy with
Electromagnetic Stirring and Water Cooling ............................................................ 177
W. Zhang, Y. Yang, and Z. Hu
The Influence of High Artificial Gravity on SHS Processes ............................................ 185
V.I. Yukhvid, V.N. Sanin, and A.G. Merzhanov
Self-Propagating High-Temperature
Centrifugal Processing of Cu 0-Cu-AI and Cu 0-AI Systems .............................. 201
2 2
A.S. Rogachev, V.N. Sanin, A.E. Sytschev, V.1. Yukhvid,
E. Medda, R. Orru, and G. Cao
Centrifugal-Thermit Process for Production of Composite Pipes of Various Sizes ......... 213
E. Miyazaki and O. Odawara
Ceramic-Lined Composite Pipes Produced by
the GS-T SHS Process with Mechanical Vibration ................................................. 223
J. Wang, Z. Zhao, M. Ye, X. Du, and J. Wen
Directional Solidification of Aluminum and Lead in a Centrifuge .................................. 231
Sh. Mavlonov and H. Shodiev
Physico-Chemical Analysis under Conditions of High Gravity ....................................... 235
Sh. Mavlonov and H. Shodiev
Defect Formation in Tellurium at Different Gravitational Levels .................................... 241
L.L. Regel, R.V. Parfeniev, 1.1. Farbshtein, I.L. Shulpina,
S.V. Yakimov, V.P. Shalimov, and A.M. Turchaninov
Influence of Centrifugation on Furnace Temperature Distribution
and Freezing Rate of InSb using the Gradient Freeze Technique ............................. 253
I.L. Moskowitz, L.L. Regel, and W.R. Wilcox
Effects of Rotation on Transport Processes during Crystal Growth by Solidification ..... 259
C.W.Lan
Numerical Modeling and Flow Visualization in the
Gradient Freeze Configuration during Centrifugation .............................................. 273
P.V. Skudarnov, L.L. Regel, W.R. Wilcox, and G. Ahmadi
Pattern Formation in Natural Convection in a Rotating Container ................................... 287
M. Vargas, E. Ramos, F.Z. Sierra, and A.A. Avramenko
Non-Axisymmetric Chimney Convection in
a Mushy Layer under a High Gravity Environment .................................................. 295
D.N. Riahi
ix
Viscous Fingering in a Rotating Porous Medium ............................................................. 303
M.Z. Saghir, H.H. Vaziri and M.R. Islam
Magnetohydrodynamic Effects in High Gravity
Convection during Alloy Solidification .................................................................... 317
D.N. Riahi
Body-Force-Driven Multiplicity and Stability of Combined
Free and Forced Convection in Rotating Curved Ducts: Centrifugal Force ............. 325
L. Wang and T. Yang
Visualization of Flows in Channels with Curvature and Rotation ................................... 339
L. Wang and K.c. Cheng
Effect of High Gravity on the Solid-Liquid Interfacial Free Energy ............................... 361
C. Patuelli and R. Tognato
Mechanical Behavior of Energetic Materials at High Acceleration ................................. 367
Y. Lanzerotti and J. Sharma
Index ................................................................................................................................. 371
x
VIBRATION DURING CENTRIFUGATION
Liya L. Regel, William R. Wilcox, Ramnath Derebail,l
and Peter V. Skudarnov2
International Center for Gravity Materials Science and Applications
Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5814, USA
INTRODUCTION
Vibration is of concern in many experiments. For example, low-frequency
acceleration influences buoyancy-driven convection. If there are two fluid phases present,
vibration can cause oscillation of the interface between them, thereby pumping the adjacent
fluids. High frequency vibrations can be transmitted through the container walls to cause
streaming of the fluid and, in addition, move second-phase particles relative to the fluid.
There are several sources of vibration in centrifuges. Here, we are concerned with the
experiment package on large centrifuges operating in the open atmosphere. We offer as an
example our experience on the Clarkson centrifuge HIRB. ,2 A tube furnace was placed in
a box, 30.5 cm X 30.5 cm X 25.4 cm, that was attached by a hinge to the centrifuge arm
so as to maintain the net acceleration vector approximately aligned with the axis of the
furnace. A triaxial accelerometer was placed within this 20 kg package. The attachment
hinge was 1.65 m from the center of rotation. At accelerations from 2 to 5 g , vibration was
observed mainly at 17 Hz in the direction of rotation, with a maximum amplitude at 5 g.
This was most likely due to periodic vortex shedding that became locked-in to the
mechanical resonance frequency (17 Hz) of the system.
SOURCES OF VIBRATION
Laboratory Vibrations
Vibrations are present in all laboratories and these can be transmitted through the
centrifuge to the experiment package. Figure 1 shows accelerometer readings taken while
our centrifuge was stationary. On the left are the raw data for the three axes. The
corresponding spectral power densities are on the right. Vibrations of almost 0.1 g
occurred in the y and z directions primarily at -225 Hz and secondarily at -420 Hz.
J Current address: Agilent Technology, San Jose, CA 95131-1008.
2 Current address: Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174.
Processing by Centrifugation, Edited by Regel and Wilcox
Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 2001
