Table Of ContentVolodymyr Osadchyy · Bogdan Nabyvanets
Petro Linnik · Nataliia Osadcha
Yurii Nabyvanets
Processes
Determining
Surface Water
Chemistry
Processes Determining Surface Water Chemistry
Volodymyr Osadchyy Bogdan Nabyvanets
(cid:129)
Petro Linnik Nataliia Osadcha
(cid:129)
Yurii Nabyvanets
Processes Determining
Surface Water Chemistry
123
VolodymyrOsadchyy Nataliia Osadcha
Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute
Kyiv Kyiv
Ukraine Ukraine
Bogdan Nabyvanets Yurii Nabyvanets
Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute
Kyiv Kyiv
Ukraine Ukraine
PetroLinnik
Institute of Hydrobiology
Kyiv
Ukraine
ISBN978-3-319-42158-2 ISBN978-3-319-42159-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-42159-9
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016944921
©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar
methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom
therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor
foranyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.
Printedonacid-freepaper
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature
TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAGSwitzerland
Preface
This monograph presents major hydrological, physicochemical and biological
processes determining the formation of hydro-physical properties and chemical
composition of terrestrial surface waters. Generalized hydro-physical, hydro-
chemical and hydro-biological parameters affecting the surface water quality, in
particular in Ukraine, are provided; a methodology for determining classes and
categoriesofsurfacewatersbased ontheirecological quality indexesissuggested.
As per hydrological processes, the authors place special emphasis on the
interrelation between water runoff and chemical composition of water objects, on
hydrodynamic processes, effects of hydro-physical factors on dissolved oxygen
concentrations,waterturbidityandcolor,aswellasontheroleofbottomsediments
informingwater chemistry. Forphysicochemicalprocesses the emphasis isplaced
on acid–base and redox equilibriums, settling out of slightly soluble compounds,
heavy metals’ complexing ability and their distribution in the «water—suspended
solids—benthic sediment»system. Forbiological processesthe priority is given to
the role of hydrobionts in forming of surface water characteristics (pH, Eh, con-
centrationsofdissolvedoxygen,biogenicelements,organiccompounds,aswellas
buffer capacity of freshwater ecosystems to bind heavy metals in complex
compounds).
General description of anthropogenic factors affecting the process of forming
natural waters’ properties is presented.
Themonographisintendedforspecialistsofecologicalorganizations,scientists,
lecturers and students of higher education institutions who investigate the patterns
offormationofwaterpropertiesandworkonthedevelopmentofmethodologiesto
model and design such properties.
Kyiv, Ukraine Volodymyr Osadchyy
Bogdan Nabyvanets
Petro Linnik
Nataliia Osadcha
Yurii Nabyvanets
v
Contents
1 Characteristics of Surface Water Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Hydro-Physical Indicators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Hydro-Chemical Indicators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3 Hydro-Biological Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2 Hydrological Processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1 Transport of Substances Within a River Basin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2 Effects of Water Runoff on the Chemical Composition
of Water Bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2.1 Watercourses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2.2 Reservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.3 Hydrodynamic Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.3.1 Watercourses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.3.2 Reservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.3.3 Regulated Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.4 Hydro-Physical Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.4.1 Effect of Hydro-Physical Factors on Dissolved Oxygen
Concentrations in Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.4.2 Turbidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.4.3 Water Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.5 Bottom Sediments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3 Physico-Chemical Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.1 Dependence of Ionic Activity Coefficients on Ionic Strength
and Mineralization of Surface Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.2 Acid-Base Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3.2.1 Dissociation of Acids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3.2.2 Carbonic Acid. Carbonate System. Aggressive
Carbon Dioxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
vii
viii Contents
3.2.3 Phosphoric, Silicic and Chromic Acids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
3.2.4 Organic Acids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
3.2.5 Dissociation of Bases. Ammonium Ions, Ammonia.
Amines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
3.2.6 Hydrolysis of Metal Ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
3.3 Complexation Processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.3.1 Complexes with Inorganic Ligands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
3.3.2 Complexes with Organic Ligands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3.3.3 Overview of Complexation Processes
in Surface Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3.4 Redox Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
3.4.1 Nitrogen Compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
3.4.2 Sulfur Compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
3.4.3 Iron, Mangan, Chromium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
3.4.4 Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
3.5 Slightly Soluble Compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
3.5.1 Effect of pH on the Solubility of Slightly Soluble
Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
3.5.2 Influence of Complexation and Water Mineralization. . . . 129
3.5.3 General Pattern of Calculating Solubility of Slightly
Soluble Compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
3.6 Sorption-Desorption Processes in “Water-Suspensions—Bottom
Sediments” System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
3.6.1 Sorption of Metal Ions and Their Compounds. . . . . . . . . 132
3.6.2 Sorption of Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
3.7 The Impact of Humic Substances on Surface Water Quality . . . . . 139
Addendum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
4 Biological Processes. Effects of Hydrobionts on Surface Water
Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
4.1 Effects of Hydrobionts on Water pH, Concentration
of Dissolved Oxygen and Redox Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
4.2 Effects of Hydrobionts on the Dynamics of Concentrations
of Biogenic Elements in Water Bodies with Slow Water
Exchange. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
4.3 The Role of Hydrations’ in Producing of Organic Substances
in Surface Water Bodies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
4.3.1 Organic Acids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
4.3.2 Protein Compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
4.3.3 Amino Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
4.3.4 Amines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
4.3.5 Indoles, Alkaloids, Algotoxins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
4.3.6 Lipids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
4.3.7 Terpenes, Alcohols, Ethers, Aldehydes and Ketones. . . . . 192
Contents ix
4.3.8 Carbohydrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
4.3.9 Humic Substances (Plankton Humus). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
4.3.10 Phenolic Compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
4.4 Effects of Hydrobionts on Organic Matter Cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
4.5 Effect of Hydrobionts on Migration of Metals
in Surface Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
4.6 The Role of Hydrobionts’ Exometabolites in Heavy Metal
Detoxification Processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
4.7 Buffer Capacity of Freshwater Ecosystems in Relation
to Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
5 General Description of Effects of Anthropogenic Factors
on Surface Water Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Addendum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Chapter 1
Characteristics of Surface Water Quality
Surface water quality depends on the presence of numerous chemical ingredients
which may be in dissolved, colloid-dispersed state or in the form of mineral or
organic-mineral suspension. Qualitative composition and concentration of these
ingredients determine certain physical, chemical and organoleptic properties of
surface waters and allow for their use in different sectors of the economy. They
affect the development and activity of aquatic organisms, which in turn play an
important role in determining the chemistry of natural waters. Water quality is an
integrating indicator reflecting the state of aquatic ecosystems per totality of
hydro-physical, hydro-chemical and hydro-biological indicators.
Table 1.1showsthemainindicatorsofthechemical composition ofthesurface
waters in Ukraine for the period from 1995 through 2009 [3].
1.1 Hydro-Physical Indicators
Hydro-physicalindicatorsofsurfacewaterqualityincludetemperature,thecontent
of suspended solids (turbidity), transparency and color. Water temperature in the
river basins of Ukraine varies widely from 0 to 32 °C. The rivers within the Azov
Sea region have the highest temperature, the rivers of the forest and forest-steppe
zones and of the Carpathians—the lowest one. The rivers of the forest and
forest-steppezoneshavethehighestcolorduetohighcontentofhumicsubstances.
The waters of the Danube River and some rivers of the Dnipro Basin are the
muddiest ones.
©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016 1
V.Osadchyyetal.,ProcessesDeterminingSurfaceWaterChemistry,
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-42159-9_1
2 1 CharacteristicsofSurfaceWaterQuality
Crimeaduringthe WaterbodiesofCrimea 12———–290 24———–2190 7.9———–9.36.7 10.8———–21.13.9 3.8———–36.00 241———–58282 102———–6783 41———–4680.7 73———–4149(continued)
e
bodiesofth versofAzovaregion 13———–320 27———–9571 8.1———–8.96.5 9.6———–14.01.42 7.1———–25.20 342———–70249 945———–420569 407———–257021.3 208———–8469.1
er RiSe
at
w
earegionand SiverskyDonets(theDonbasin) 12———–310 18———–4130 7.9———–8.96.0 8.3———–16.60.2 7.7———–52.80 299———–659103 350———–33366.9 233———–12689.2 154———–6627
S
ov n)
softheAz WesternBug(theVistulabasi 10———–260 27———–1990 7.7———–8.96.0 8.1———–14.00 11.9———–20.00 306———–525122 39———–3945 39———–1464 99———–23212
er
v
nsandri SouthernBug 10———–290 20———–1160 7.8———–9.46.1 11.3———–21.01.6 7.8———–26.10 343———–750127 78———–9041.9 52———–3555.7 76———–2207.3
si
a
b
ajorriver Dniester 10———–280 52———–14260 7.5———–8.96.0 10.5———–16.82.5 7.5———–44.00 198———–68115 42———–15882 67———–61650.2 61———–4265
m
e
aterinth anube 12———–290 76———–21500 7.8———–9.66.0 10.0———–15.62.5 4.4———–61.60 178———–40015 42———–2182 28———–2301.3 46———–4974
w D
of
mposition nipro 13———–310 11———–3000 7.9———–9.66.0 9.9———–22.81.3 7.1———–75.20 229———–78128 82———–28102 48———–28503.5 66———–5775
D
o
c
al
c
chemi mg/L mg/L
Table1.1Averaged−periodof19952009 Indicator Temperature,°C Suspendedsubstances, pH Oxygen,mg/L Carbondioxide,mg/L Hydrocarbonateions, Sulfateions,mg/L Chlorideions,mg/L Calcium,mg/L
