Process Systems Engineering: For a Smooth Energy Transition

444 Pages·2022·24.171 MB·English

by  Edwin Zondervan

EdwinZondervan(Ed.)
ProcessSystemsEngineering
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Process Systems
Engineering
For a Smooth Energy Transition
Edited by
Edwin Zondervan
Editor
Prof.dr.ir.EdwinZondervan
UniversityofTwente
FacultyofScienceandTechnology
Laboratoryofprocesssystemsengineering
DeHorst2
7522LWEnschede
Netherlands
[email protected]
ISBN978-3-11-070498-3
e-ISBN(PDF)978-3-11-070520-1
e-ISBN(EPUB)978-3-11-070531-7
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2022941912
BibliographicinformationpublishedbytheDeutscheNationalbibliothek
TheDeutscheNationalbibliothekliststhispublicationintheDeutscheNationalbibliografie;
detailedbibliographicdataareavailableontheinternetathttp://dnb.dnb.de.
©2022WalterdeGruyterGmbH,Berlin/Boston
Coverimage:akindo/DigitalVisionVectors/gettyimages.de
Typesetting:TNQTechnologiesPvt.Ltd.
Printingandbinding:CPIbooksGmbH,Leck
www.degruyter.com
Foreword
WhenIstartedworkingonthisbookproject,Iwasinthemiddleofacareermove.In
2020 I moved back to the Netherlands and continued my work on process systems
engineering(PSE)fortheenergytransitionatTwenteUniversity.WithmyteamImade
great progress and I believed it was very much worthwhile to combine all these
different projects of our PSE laboratory into this book; to show the diversity, the
connectionsandtheshearamountofworkthatwasdoneoverthelastyears.
ThemainquestionofthePSElabofTwenteUniversityis;howdowebattleclimate
change and the increasing global energy demand efficiently? The answer is: by
applying processsystemsengineering methods.Todealwith climatechangeandto
securesaveandcleanaccesstoenergyaholistic,systemsapproachisessential.
Processsystemsengineeringconcernsthesystematicanalysisandoptimizationof
decision-makingprocessesforthediscovery,design,manufactureanddistributionof
products.Theprocesssystemsengineerhasamanydecision-makingtoolsathandthat
helphimtoimproveprocessesandproducts.Andtheuseofsuchtoolsisnotlimitedto
thechemical-orprocessindustry.OvertheyearsthePSEcommunitymovedintomany
newareas,pharmaceuticals,biomass,food,waterandalsoenergy.
The PSE lab of Twente university has been tackling three challenges that are
associatedwithasuccessfulenergytransition.Thefirstchallengeisrelatedtocreating
flexibility;inotherwordshowtodealwithuncertaintywhentodesignoroperatenew
process/energy systems where inlet, outlet and hardware can vary in quality and
performance? The second challenge deals with sustainability; when designing or
operating process/energy systems; what is the best mode or trade-off when multiple
oftenconflictingobjectivesneedtoberealized(forexample;economics,environment,
society).Thelastchallengeisthecomplexityissue.Oftenmodelsthatareusedforde-
cision-makingarecomplex;howcanwedealandsolvesuchmodelswhilestillyielding
accurateinformation.Wefacethesechallengesatdifferentspatialandtemporallevels:
fromindividualtechnology,viafactoryorplantuptothecompletesupplychain.
AtPSElabwearedevelopingkindofa“Tom-TomNavigator”thatcanbeusedfor
mappingthebestroutesfrom(energy)feedstocktoproductorservice.Wedothisby
convertingtheproblemintonetworkmodels(oftensuperstructures),wethentranslate
thesenetworksintomathematicalmodels(ordigitaltwins),wereducethecomplexityor
improvethesolutionapproach,weincludeuncertaintyinthemodelsandthenassess
multiple,conflictingobjectives.Allwiththeaimtoprovidethebestdecisionspossible.
In Figure 1 the core topics of the PSE lab are highlighted: batteries, biomass,
hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Especially at the interfaces the important interactions
occur. For example the hydrogen economy could be very well connected to carbon
mitigationbyproductionofsyntheticfuels,notasanendobjectivebutasatransition
strategy. Combining battery knowledge and hydrogen production in turn will create
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110705201-201
VI Foreword
Figure1: TopicmatrixofthePSElaboratoryofTwenteUniversity
flexibilityinquick-shorttermandslow-long-termenergystoragefunctionality.Biobased
productioncanbeconnectedtocarbonmitigation,asbiomassneedscarbondioxide;in
otherwordsbiomass(suchasalgae)areanexcellentcarboncapturetechnique.
Asstated,atthecrosspointsofthePSEmatrixtheimportantinteractionsoccur.In
thisbookIpresent15topicsthatoperateattheseinterfaces.
MohammedIsmaelwillshowhowhydrogencanbeproducedviawatersplitting
overgraphitebasedmaterials.Mahmoud MostafaandChristopherVarelawillintro-
duceanoptimizationmethodthatcanbeusedtocombinecarboncaptureandwater
electrolysis for the production of chemicals. Timo Wassermann will show how to
optimize the hydrogen supply from renewable electricity including cavern storage.
PhilippKenkelwilldemonstratemulti-objectivedecisionmakingforsustainableprocess
designandAnHuynhhasmadeanoverviewofhowprocessintensificationanddigital
twinscanbeusedintheenergytransition.MaryamRaeisihighlightsthedevelopmentsin
microalgaeasafeedstockforthebioeconomy.PolandJelihihasdevelopedadiagnostic
tool that can be used to identify energy hotspots in industrial process systems. Tuan
Nguyen, Anton Ochoa and Grazia Leonzio look at carbon dioxide supply chains in
GermanyaswellasatEuropeanlevel.PaoloFracasshapesthefutureenergymarketvia
hybridmulti-microgridsandJohannesRöderwilldiscussthepotentialofsectorcoupling
fordistrictheatingsystemsviascenarioanalysiswhileMarielaTapiaisinvestigatinga
resilienttransformationofpowersupplyinSouthAmerica.
Foreword VII
Wearelookingat15highlyimportantcontributionsthatcapturethemainresearch
topicsoftheseresearchers.MostofthemactiveasPhDcandidate,recentlygraduated
orclosetograduation.Thesechaptersreflectalmost50manyearsofworkinthefieldof
processsystemsengineering.
IamveryproudofthisachievementandIamconfidentthatyouwillappreciate
readingaboutouractivitiesinthisexcitingbook:Processsystemsengineering–fora
smoothenergytransition!

Contents
Foreword V
Listofcontributingauthors XVII
MohammedIsmael
1 Hydrogenproductionviawatersplittingovergraphiticcarbonnitride
(g-C N )-basedphotocatalysis 1
3 4
1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.1 Background 1
1.1.2 TiO2ascommonphotocatalystsandotherphotocatalysts 2
1.1.3 Graphiticcarbonnitride(g-C3N4) 3
1.1.4 TheprincipleofH2productionviawatersplitting 5
1.2 Synthesisandmorphologytuningofg-C3N4-basedphotocatalysts 7
1.3 Characterizationofg-C3N4-basedphotocatalysts 13
1.4 Hydrogengenerationofg-C3N4-basedphotocatalysts 18
1.4.1 Metal-dopedg-C3N4 18
1.4.2 Nonmetal-dopedg-C3N4 20
1.4.3 Noble-metalloadingg-C3N4 22
1.4.4 Heterojunctionformationofg-C3N4-basedphotocatalysts 23
1.4.5 Largescaleproductionofhydrogenoverg-C N :simulationand
3 4
modeling 26
1.4.6 Scale-upanddesignofprocesses(theroleofprocesssystems
engineering) 27
1.5 Conclusions 28
References 29
MahmoudMostafa,ChristopherVarelaandEdwinZondervan
2 Optimizationofelectrolysisandcarboncaptureprocessesforsustainable
productionofchemicalsthroughPower-to-X 41
2.1 Introduction 41
2.2 Processmodellingandoptimization 42
2.2.1 Dynamiccarboncapture 42
2.2.2 Alkalinewaterelectrolysis 45
2.3 Resultsanddiscussion 49
2.3.1 Processintegrationwithrenewableenergies 49
2.3.2 Processintegrationwithelectrolysis 52
2.4 Conclusions 53
ListofAbbreviations 54
References 54
X Contents
TimoWassermann,HenryMühlenbrock,PhilippKenkel,JorgThöming,and
EdwinZondervan
3 Optimizationofhydrogensupplyfromrenewableelectricityincludingcavern
storage 55
3.1 Introduction 56
3.2 Methodology 58
3.2.1 Problemstatement 59
3.2.2 Optimizationmodel 60
3.3 Casestudies 72
3.3.1 Windpower 73
3.3.2 Electricitygrid 75
3.3.3 Hydrogendemand 76
3.4 Simulationprocedure 76
3.5 Resultsanddiscussion 77
3.5.1 Optimalsystemconfigurationandschedule:presentH2demand 77
3.5.2 Optimalsystemconfigurationandschedule:PtMH2demand 80
3.5.3 Economicsandcarbonfootprint 82
3.5.4 Validationoflinearcavernmodel 85
3.6 Conclusionsandoutlook 86
Nomenclature 87
Indexofabbreviations 87
Optimizationmodel 87
Parametersandvariables 88
Appendix 89
References 92
PhilippKenkel,ChristianSchnuelle,TimoWassermannandEdwinZondervan
4 Integratingmulti-objectivesuperstructureoptimizationandmulti-criteria
assessment:anovelmethodologyforsustainableprocessdesign 97
4.1 Introduction 98
4.2 Methodology 100
4.2.1 Superstructureformulation(step1) 100
4.2.2 Criteriadefinitionandimportanceweighting(steps2and3) 100
4.2.3 Singlecriterionoptimization(step4) 102
4.2.4 Normalization(step5) 103
4.2.5 Reformulationandmulti-objectiveoptimization(step6) 104
4.3 Casestudy 104
4.3.1 Generalassumptions 105
4.3.2 Power-to-Xprocess 107
4.3.3 Biomass-to-Xprocess 108
4.4 Resultsanddiscussion 109