Process Plant Instrumentation: Design and Upgrade

364 Pages·2000·6.59 MB·English

by  Miguel J. Bagajewicz

Process Plant
Instrumentation

Design and Upgrade

Process Plant
Instrumentation

Design and Upgrade
Miguel J. Bagajewicz, Ph.D.
School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
University of Oklahoma
Boca Raton London New York
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Version Date: 20161019
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Toallthosepeoplefrommygenerationwhopursueda
countryinwhichitwouldbeworthliving.Someof
themdisappearedintheprocess.

CONTENTS
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xvii
Chapter1.PlantDataManagement............................... 1
Introduction 1
PlantInformationandOperationsManagement 1
Model-BasedMonitoring 4
QualityofData 5
References 11
Chapter2.InstrumentationDesignGoals....................... 15
Introduction 15
MeasuredandKeyVariables 15
SelectionofMonitoringVariables 16
SelectionofKeyVariablesinControl 17
SelectionofMeasuredVariablesforFaultDiagnosis 24
InstrumentationDesignGoals 25
UpgradingofInstrumentation 27
Nomenclature 28
References 28
Chapter3.Instrumentation...................................... 31
Introduction 31
FlowRateInstrumentation 31
LevelMeasurement 46
TemperatureMeasurement 51
vii
viii Contents
PressureMeasurement 56
DensityMeasurement 58
On-LineProcessAnalyzers 60
TransmissionandTransformationofSignals 60
Nomenclature 62
References 63
Chapter4.ErrorsinMeasurement .............................. 65
Introduction 65
InstrumentProperties 65
MeasurementQuality 66
SensitivityandSpeedofResponse 71
HysteresisandDeadBand 72
CalibrationCurves 74
AccuracyofDifferentInstruments 76
Nomenclature 78
References 78
Chapter5.VariableClassification ............................... 81
Introduction 81
Model 81
MeasurementEquation 82
GraphsandFlowsheets 82
ConnectivityofSystems 83
Observability 85
Redundancy 86
LinearSystems 87
CanonicalRepresentationofLinearSystems 87
OtherMethods 93
SystemDegreeofRedundancy 95
QuantificationofObservabilityandRedundancy 96
GraphsandCanonicalMatrices 100
NonlinearSystems 110
FullNonlinearSystems 120
Nomenclature 123
References 125
Chapter6.DesignandUpgradeofNonredundantand
RedundantSensorNetworks...................................127
Introduction 127
Upgradeand/orDesignGoals 127
DesignforEstimability 128
Contents ix
DesignforEstimabilityEfficiency 139
CompulsoryMeasurementsandtheUpgradeCase 140
SensorNetworksforBilinearSystems 142
Nomenclature 156
References 157
Chapter7.DataReconciliation .................................159
DataReconciliation 159
Background 159
LinearDataReconciliation 162
Steady-StateLinearDataReconciliation 163
NonlinearSteady-StateDataReconciliation 169
DynamicDataReconciliation 170
Nomenclature 171
References 172
Chapter8.DesignofPreciseSensorNetworks ................175
Introduction 175
Cost-OptimalDesign 175
MultipleInstrumentsandHardwareRedundancy 176
MaximumPrecisionModels 178
GeneralizedMaximumPrecisionModel 180
RelationBetweenSensorNetworkModels 181
SolutionProceduresforLinearSystems 183
ParameterEstimationinNonlinearSystems 184
Nomenclature 189
References 190
Chapter9.PrecisionUpgradeofSensorNetworks ............191
Introduction 191
UpgradeOptions 191
CostBenefitAnalysis 192
UpgradeModelsBasedonAdditionofSensors 192
ModelforResourceReallocation 198
GeneralizedModelforResourceReallocationandUpgrade 201
Nomenclature 209
References 209
Chapter10.ReliabilityofNonrepairable
SensorNetworks ...............................................211
Introduction 211
SensorServiceAvailability 211