Problems of Han Administration: Ancestral Rites, Weights and Measures, and the Means of Protest

340 Pages·2016·4.23 MB·English

by  Michael Loewe

i
Problems of Han Administration
©© kKoonniinnkklliijjkkee bBrriillll nNvV,, lLeeiiddeenn,, 22001166  ||  ddooii 1100..11116633//99778899000044237146930308__000011
ii
China Studies
Published for the Institute for Chinese Studies, University of Oxford
Edited by
Micah Muscolino
VOLUME 33
The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/chs
iii
Problems of Han Administration
Ancestral Rites, Weights and Measures,
and the Means of Protest
By
Michael Loewe
LEIDEN | BOSTON
iv
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Loewe, Michael.
Title: Problems of Han administration : ancestral rites, weights and
measures, and the means of protest / by Michael Loewe.
Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2016. | Series: China studies, ISSN
1570-1344 ; volume 33 | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016009148 (print) | LCCN 2016013211 (ebook) | ISBN
9789004314887 (hardback : acid-free paper) | ISBN 9789004314900 (e-book) |
ISBN 9789004314900 (E-book)
Subjects: LCSH: China--History--Han dynasty, 202 B.C.-220 A.D. |
China--Politics and government--221 B.C.-220 A.D. | China--Social life and
customs--221 B.C.-960 A.D. | Imperialism--Social
aspects--China--History--To 1500. | China--Kings and rulers--Family
relationships--History. | Genealogy--Political aspects--China--History--To
1500. | Rites and ceremonies--China--History--To 1500. | Weights and
measures--China--History--To 1500. | Protest movements--China--History--To
1500. | Critics--China--History--To 1500.
Classification: LCC DS748.13 .L59 2016 (print) | LCC DS748.13 (ebook) | DDC
931/.04--dc23
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016009148
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issn 1570-1344
isbn 978-90-04-31488-7 (hardback)
isbn 978-90-04-31490-0 (e-book)
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ContentCsontents v
Contents
List of Figures and Tables ix
List of Abbreviations x
Part 1
The Concept of zhaomu and Its Place in the Services to Imperial
Ancestors from Chunqiu Times to Qing
Introduction to Part 1 1
1 The Concept and Application of zhaomu 4
2 The Two Series of Imperial Cults 15
a Practice in Western Han 15
b Practice in Eastern Han 17
3 Zhaomu from Pre-Imperial Times to Eastern Han 36
a Zhaomu in Pre-Imperial Times 36
b Zhaomu in Western Han 45
c The Shrines Set up by Wang Mang 56
d Zhaomu in Eastern Han 62
4 Zhaomu from the Three Kingdoms to the Close of Qing 74
a The Three Kingdoms 75
b Western and Eastern Jin 75
c Northern Wei and Liu-Song 79
d The Sui and Tang Dynasties 84
e The Five Dynasties 87
g The Jin and Yuan Dynasties 90
h The Ming and Qing Dynasties 91
Summary 93
5 The Sites for Imperial Tombs 97
a Spatial Relationships 97
b Emperors of Western Han 99
c Emperors of Eastern Han 103
vi Contents
6 The Ming tang 108
Appendix to Part 1 115
a Passages from Primary Sources 115
b A Passage Cited in Han shu 73, p. 3118, Han shu bu zhu 73.12a 124
c Dynastic Lines of Descent 126
i The Descendants of Huangdi, and the Five Sovereigns 126
ii The Ancestry Claimed by Wang Mang 127
iii Guangwudi’s Line of Descent 128
iv Yuandi’s Descendants 129
v The Emperors of Western and Eastern Jin 晉 and their
ancestors 129
vi The Emperors of Northern Wei and Their Ancestors 130
vii Ancestry of the Tang Emperors 131
viii The Jin 金 Emperors 132
List of Works Cited Part 1 133
Part 2
The Standardisation of Weights and Measures; Inscriptions on
Bronze Vessels of the Han Dynasty and the Jia liang hu Made for
Wang Mang
Introduction to Part 2 145
1 Sources of Information 147
a Literary Sources 147
i The Standard Histories 147
ii A Mathematical Treatise 151
iii Records of Practice 152
b Material Evidence 153
2 The Standardisation of Weights and Measures 155
3 The Evidence of Han shu 21 168
4 Inscriptions of the Zhan guo, Qin and Han Periods 177
a Inscriptions and Their Purposes 177
b Inscriptions of the Kingdom and Emperors of Qin 179
Contents vii
c Statutory Provisions 184
d Weights 185
e Footrules 186
f Descriptive Inscriptions 187
i Office or Place of Manufacture 187
ii Artisans 188
iii Numbers 189
iv Specifications of Size 191
v Ownership, Place of Assignment 192
vi Special Items 198
vii Cases of Doubtful Authenticity 203
viii Multiple Inscriptions 215
g Messages of Goodwill 215
5 The Jia liang hu 嘉量斛 217
a History of the Vessel 217
b Inscriptions on the Jia liang hu 224
c The Principal Inscription 227
d The Five Minor Inscriptions 232
6 The Wei dou Vessel 237
Conclusion 240
Appendix to Part 2 242
a The Identification of Zheng shi 鄭氏 242
b The Twelve Pitch-Pipes 245
c The Writings of Liu Xin 劉歆 (46 BCE to 23 CE) 247
d Scales and Systems 251
e The Use of shi 石 and hu 斛 as Units of Capacity, and the
Pronunciation of 石 254
List of Works Cited Part 2 260
Part 3
Protest and Criticism in the Han Empire
Introduction to Part 3 275
1 Occasions for Criticism 278
viii Contents
2 Types of Argument and the Means of Taking Action 282
i Refusal to Serve 286
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List of Works Cited Part 3 317
Index 321
List of FLiigsut roefs Faingdu Traebsl easnd Tables ix
List of Figures and Tables
Figures
Part 1
1.1 a, b Tombs of the Western and Eastern Han emperors 104
1.2 The shrines erected by Wang Mang. For identification of sites F 1 to F 12, see
Figure 3 and pp. 62–6 below 105
1.3 Identification of Wang Mang’s shrines, as reconstructed 106
Part 2
2.1 The Jia liang hu; height 25.6 cm, diameter 33 cm 205
2.2 Vessel bearing the inscription for the twenty-sixth year of the First Qin
Emperor; (a) length 24.6 cm, capacity 490 ml.; (b) length 20.8 cm, capacity 495
ml 205
2.3 Bronze urn with inscription dated 3 BCE (dimensions not available). See p. 204
below for the inscription 206
2.4 Inscriptions on two tripods dated 53 and 52 BCE (dimensions not available).
These read: (a) Tripod of bronze, of the Cheng’an Palace; capacity 1 dou; weight
when fitted with lid 10 jin 2 liang; first year of Ganlu [53 BCE]; made by the
artisan and supervisor. (b) Tripod of bronze, of the Cheng’an Palace; capacity 1
dou; weight 14 jin; second year of Ganlu [52 BCE]; made by Fu, assistant at
Ancheng, Lu, clerk, Xuan, magistrate’s clerk (acting), Shi artisan; no. 5.
(Cheng’an Palace and Ancheng are unidentified) 207
2.5 Inscriptions on vessels from tomb M 1, Mancheng (113 BCE), with details of
capacity, weight, date and number 208
2.6 The Twelve pitch-pipes as found in tomb no. 1 Mawangdui (168 BCE). Replicas,
of reed; lengths of the pipes between 10.8 and 17.6 cm 209
2.7 (a) The 81 character long inscription on the Jia liang hu 209
(b) Inscriptions for the sheng and ge measures 210
2.8 Luo Zhenyu’s rubbings of the inscriptions of the Jia liang hu; see p. 224
note 41 211
2.9 Reconstructions of the vessel described in the Han shu; from Lü lu gu yi (1791)
2.10b, 11a 212
Tables
2.1 Weights and measures of Western Han 166
2.2 Dimensions of the Five Measures of Capacity 233
2.3 The Twelve Pitch-Pipes 246
x List of Abbreviations List Of Abbreviations
List of Abbreviations
Part 1
Archaeological Discovery Liu Qingzhu 劉慶柱, ‘Archaeological Discovery and
Research into the Layout of the Palaces and Ancestral
Shrines of Han Dynasty Chang’an’
BMFEA Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities
Bureaucracy Bielenstein, The Bureaucracy of Han times
Crisis and Conflict Loewe, Crisis and Conflict in Han China
Drilling Report Xi Han di ling zuan tan diaocha baogao
Excavation Report Xi Han lizhi jianzhu yizhi
ECTBG Early Chinese texts a Bibliographical guide
HHS Hou Han shu
HHSJJ Hou Han shu jijie
HNZ Huainanzi
HS Han shu
HSBZ Han shu bu zhu
JRAS Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
KGYWW Kaogu yu wen wu
Legge The Chinese Classics
Men who Governed Loewe, The Men Who Governed Han China
MH Chavannes, Les Mémoires historiques de Se-ma Ts ’ien
SBBY Sibu beiyao
SBCK Sibu cong kan
SJ Shi ji
Tjan Tjan Tjoe Som, Po Hu T’ung The comprehensive discussions
in the White Tiger Hall
TP T’oung Pao
WW Wen wu
Part 2
Biographical Dictionary Loewe, A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han
and Xin Periods (221 BC–AD 24)
CQFL Chunqiu fanlu
Dong Zhongshu Loewe, Dong Zhongshu a ‘Confucian’ Heritage and the
Chunqiu fanlu