Problems of Early Metal age Archaeology of Caucasus and Anatolia

308 Pages·2014·9.55 MB·English

ssaaeerrTTaaSSoorriissoo kkoonnffeerreenncciiaa
kkaavvkkaassiiiissaa ddaa aannaattoolliiiiss
aaddrreelliiTToonneebbiiss xxaanniiss aarrqqeeoollooggiiiiss pprroobblleemmeebbii
IInntteerrnnaatiti oonnaall CCoonnffeerreennccee
PPRROOBBLLEEMMSS OOFF EEAARRLLYY MMEETTAALL AAGGEE AARRCCHHAAEEOOLLOOGGYY
OOFF CCAAUUCCAASSUUSS AANNDD AANNAATTOOLLIIAA
1199--2233 nnooeemmbbeerrii 22001144
ssaaqqaarrTTvveelloo
NNoovveemmbbeerr 1199--2233,, 22001144
GGeeoorrggiiaa
mmaassaalleebbii
PPRROOCCEEEEDDIINNGGSS
Tbilisi 2014 Tbilisi
UDC (uak) 902(479+560)
k-144
p-93
konferencia tardeba ssip SoTa rusTavelis samecniero fondis dafinansebiT
(grantis Sifri CF/27/2-105/14) da saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis mxardaWeriT.
Conference is being held by fi nancing of Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation (code of
grant CF/27/2-105/14) and support of Georgian National Museum.
mmTTaavvaarrii rreeddaaqqttoorrii,, editor-in-chief,
pprrooeeqqttiiss xxeellmmZZRRvvaanneellii Project Leader
goderZi narimaniSvili Goderdzi Narimanishvili
rreeddaaqqttoorreebbii Editors
marine kvaWaZe Marine Kvachadze
marine fuTuriZe Marina Puturidze
nino SanSaSvili Nino Shanshashvili
krebulSi warmodgenili mosazrebebi ekuTvniT avtorebs da SesaZlebelia ar
emTxveodes SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondis Sexedulebebs.
All Ideas expressed herewith are those of the authors, and may not represent the opinion of
the Foundation itself.
ISBN 978-9941-0-7134-8
© g. narimaniSvili © G. Narimanishvili
© avtorebi 2014 © Authors 2014
Contents
sarCevi
Preface
wwiinnaaTTqqmmaa ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................7
Tufan Akhundov
At the Beginning of Caucasian Metallurgy
ttuuffaann aaxxuunnddoovvii
kkaavvkkaassiiiiss mmeettaalluurrggiiiiss ssaaTTaavveeeebbTTaann ........................................................................................................................................................................1111
Veli Bakhshaliyev
New Neolithic and Chalcolithic Sites in Nakhchivan
vveellii bbaaxxSSaalliieevvii
nneeoolliiTTiissaa ddaa xxaallkkoolliiTTiiss xxaanniiss aaxxaallii ZZeegglleebbii nnaaxxWWeevvaannSSii ............................................................1177
Farhad Guliyev, Bertille Lyonnet
Archaeological Complexes of the Central Western Part of Azerbaijan in
Context of the Archaeological Cultures of the Caucasus
ffaarrxxaadd gguulliieevvii ,,bbeerrttiill lliioonnee
aazzeerrbbaaiijjaanniiss cceennttrraalluurr ddaassaavvlleeTT nnaawwiillSSii mmooppoovveebbuullii aarrqqeeoollooggiiuurrii
kkoommpplleeqqsseebbii kkaavvkkaassiiiiss aarrqqeeoollooggiiuurr kkuullttuurraaTTaa kkoonntteeqqssttSSii ..................................................2255
Guram Mirtskhulava, Guram Chikovani
Phase of Transition to the Kura-Araxes Culture in Eastern Georgia
gguurraamm mmiirrccxxuullaavvaa ,,gguurraamm CCiiqqoovvaannii
mmttkkvvaarr--aarraaqqssiiss kkuullttuurraazzee ggaarrddaammaavvaallii eettaappiiss SSeessaaxxeebb
aaRRmmoossaavvlleeTT ssaaqqaarrTTvveellooSSii ............................................................................................................................................................................................................3322
Ashot Piliposyan
Excavations at Metsamor
a aSSoott ffiilliippoossiiaannii
ggaaTTxxrreebbii mmeewwaammoorrSSii ........................................................................................................................................................................................4422
Safar Ashurov
The Problems of Kura-Araxes Culture in the Light of Recent
Archaeological Excavations in Nakhchivan
ssaaffaarr aaSSuurroovvii
mmttkkvvaarr--aarraassiiss kkuullttuurriiss pprroobblleemmeebbii aaxxaallii aarrqqeeoollooggiiuurrii
ggaaTTxxrreebbiiss SSuuqqzzee nnaaxxWWeevvaannSSii ..............................................................................................................................................................5522
Aziza Hasanova
Infl uence of Technological Anatolian Traditions Smelting Ancient Tin Bronze
on the Development Metallurgy III Millennium BC on the Territory of Azerbaijan
aazziizzaa hhaassaannoovvaa
aazzeerrbbaaiijjaanniiss tteerriittoorriiaazzee mmeettaalluurrggiiiiss ggaannvviiTTaarreebbaazzee kkaalliiaannii
bbrriinnjjaaooss ggaammooddnnoobbiiss aannaattoolliiuurrii tteeqqnnoollooggiiuurrii ttrraaddiicciiiiss ggaavvlleennaa ........6655
Mehmet Işikli, Gülşah Altunkaynak
Some Observations on Relationships between South Caucasus and North-Eastern
Anatolia Based on Recent Archeo-Metallurgical Evidence
mmeehhmmeedd iiSSiikkllii ,, gguullSSaahh aallttuunnkkaaiinnaakkii
zzooggiieerrTTii ddaakkvviirrvveebbaa ssaammxxrreeTT kkaavvkkaassiiiissaa ddaa CCrrddiilloo--aaRRmmoossaavvlleeTT
aannaattoolliiiiss uurrTTiieerrTToobbaazzee uuaaxxlleessii aarrqqeeoo--mmeettaalluurrggiiiiss
mmoonnaacceemmeebbiiss SSuuqqzzee ................................................................................................................................................................................................7733
Raphael Greenberg
Ox-Carts and the Kura-Araxes Migration
rraaffaaeell ggrriinnbbeerrggii
xxaarreebbSSeebbmmuullii uurrmmeebbii ddaa mmttkkvvaarr--aarraaqqssuullii mmiiggrraacciiaa ............................................................................9944
Thomas Stöllner, Irina Gambashidze
The Gold Mine of Sakdrisi and the Earliest Mining and Metallurgy in the
TTrraannssccaauuccaassuuss aanndd tthhee KKuurraa--VVaalllleeyy ssyysstteemm
TToommaass SSttoollnneerrii ,,iirriinnee RRaammbbaaSSiiZZee
ssaayyddrriissiiss ooqqrrooss mmaaRRaarroo ddaa aaddrreeuullii ssaammTToo wwaarrmmooeebbaa ddaa
mmeettaalluurrggiiaa ttrraannsskkaavvkkaassiiaassaa ddaa mmttkkvvrriiss xxeeoobbiiss ssiisstteemmaaSSii ................................................110022
Massimo Cultraro
A Transcaucasian Perspective: Searching for the Early Bronze Age
North Aegean Metallurgy
mmaassiimmoo kkuullttrraarroo
ttrraannsskkaavvkkaassiiuurrii ppeerrssppeeqqttiivvaa :: kkvvlleevveebbii aaddrreebbrriinnjjaaooss xxaanniiss
CCrrddiillooeeTT eeggeeoossuurrii mmeettaalluurrggiiiiss SSeessaaxxeebb ................................................................................................................................112255

Aynur Özfi rat
New Early Bronze Age settlements in the Van Lake Basin
aaiinnuurr oozzffiirraattii
aaddrreebbrriinnjjaaooss xxaanniiss aaxxaallii nnaammoossaaxxllaarreebbii vvaanniiss ttbbiiss aauuzzSSii ..................................................113399
Ketevan Tamazashvili
Bone and Antler Tools from Sakdrisi Gold Mine
qqeeTTeevvaann TTaammaazzaaSSvviillii
ZZvvlliissaa ddaa rrqqiiss iiaarraaRReebbii ssaayyddrriissiiss ooqqrrooss ssaabbaaddooddaann ....................................................................................115533
Zviad Sherazadishvili
The Early Bronze Age Kura-Araxes Culture Seals from
Gudabertka Settlement
zzvviiaadd SSeerraazzaaddiiSSvviillii
aaddrreebbrriinnjjaaooss xxaanniiss mmttkkvvaarr--aarraaqqssiiss kkuullttuurriiss ssaabbeeWWddaavveebbii
gguuddaabbeerrttyyaass nnaammoossaaxxllaarriiddaann ..................................................................................................................................................................................................116688
Şevket Dönmez
Early Bronze Age Metallurgy in Amasya Province, North - Central Anatolia
SSeevvqqeeTT ddoonnmmeezzii
aaddrreebbrriinnjjaaooss xxaanniiss mmeettaalluurrggiiaa aammaassiiiiss pprroovviinncciiaaSSii ,,
CCrrddiilloo--cceennttrraalluurrii aannaattoolliiaa ......................................................................................................................................................................................118822
Stefano Spagni
Metal Production in Eastern Anatolia and Southern Caucasus During
the Early Bronze Age
sstteeffaannoo ssppaannii
lliiTToonniiss wwaarrmmooeebbaa aaddrreebbrriinnjjaaooss xxaanniiss aaRRmmoossaavvlleeTT aannaattoolliiaassaa ddaa
ssaammxxrreeTT kkaavvkkaassiiaaSSii ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................119988
Александр Орджоникидзе
Некоторые моменты взаимоотношении Куро-Араксской и
Беденской культур на Южном Кавказе ................................................................................205
aalleeqqssaannddrree oorrjjoonniikkiiZZee
mmttkkvvaarr--aarraaqqssiissaa ddaa bbeeddeenniiss kkuullttuurraaTTaa SSeexxvveeddrriiss zzooggiieerrTTii
mmoommeennttii ssaammxxrreeTT kkaavvkkaassiiaaSSii ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................220055
Mindia Jalabadze
Bedeni Culture and Berikldeebi Settlement
mmiinnddiiaa jjaallaabbaaZZee
bbeeddeenniiss kkuullttuurraa ddaa bbeerriikkllddeeeebbiiss nnaammoossaaxxllaarrii ..........................................................................................................221166
Zurab Makharadze
The End of the Early Bronze Age in Georgia
zzuurraabb mmaaxxaarraaZZee
aaddrreebbrriinnjjaaooss xxaanniiss ffiinnaalluurrii eettaappii ssaaqqaarrTTvveellooSSii ........................................................................222266
Givi Inanishvili
Some Apects of Nonferrous Metalworking in the Caucasus –
Near East (III-II millennium B.C.)
ggiivvii iinnaanniiSSvviillii
feradi liTonebis damuSavebis ramdenime aspeqti kavkasiasa da
wina aziaSi (Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebi) ...........................................................233
Nino Shanshashvili, Goderdzi Narimanishvili
Environment and Dwelling in the Early and Middle Bronze Ages South Caucasus
nniinnoo SSaannSSaaSSvviillii ,,ggooddeerrZZii nnaarriimmaanniiSSvviillii
ggaarreemmoo ddaa ssaaccxxoovvrriissii aaddrree ddaa SSuuaa bbrriinnjjaaooss xxaanniiss
ssaammxxrreeTT kkaavvkkaassiiaaSSii ..................................................................................................................................................................................................224455
Arsen Bobokhyan
Bronze Age Musical Instruments of the Region between
the Caucasus and Taurus in Context
aarrsseenn bboobbooxxiiaannii
bbrriinnjjaaooss xxaanniiss mmuussiikkaalluurrii iinnssttrruummeenntteebbii kkaavvkkaassiioonnssaa ddaa
ttaavvrroossss SSoorriiss mmddeebbaarree rreeggiioonnSSii ............................................................................................................................................................................226655
Marina Puturidze
For the Assign of Middle Bronze Age Phases and Upper
Chronological Limit of the Trialeti Culture
mmaarriinnee ffuuTTuurriiZZee
SSuuaa bbrriinnjjaaooss xxaanniiss eettaappeebbiissaa ddaa TTrriiaalleeTTiiss kkuullttuurriiss
zzeeddaa qqrroonnoollooggiiuurrii zzRRvvaarriiss ddaaddggeenniissaaTTvviiss ..................................................................................................227788
Dimitri Narimanishvili
Middle Bronze Age Metal Vessels from South Caucasus
ddiimmiittrrii nnaarriimmaanniiSSvviillii
SSuuaa bbrriinnjjaaooss xxaanniiss lliiTToonniiss WWuurrWWeellii ssaammxxrreeTT kkaavvkkaassiiiiddaann ......................................228866
winaTqma
liTonis damuSavebisa da samTamadno warmoebis CasaxviT kacobriobis istoriaSi
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi epoqa iwyeba. spilenZisa da oqros uZvelesi nivTebi
samxreT kavkasiaSi neoliTis epoqaSi Cndeba. liTonis uZvelesi artefaqtebi
Zv.w. VII-V aTaswleulis Sulaver-SomuTefes ,leilaTefes da sionis kulturis
Zeglebze dasturdeba.
spilenZis damuSavebis kvaldakval adamianma brinjaos warmoeba daiwyo , rac
am epoqis udides miRwevad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. Tavisi teqnologiuri da
meqanikuri TvisebebiT brinjao xarisxobrivad sjobda spilenZs da mis danergvas
liTonwarmoebaSi udidesi progresuli mniSvneloba hqonda. meurneobaSi da
saerTod yofaSi liTonis iaraRis farTod danergvam aamaRla Sromis nayofiereba ,
brinjaos sabrZolo iaraRma ki sagrZnoblad gazarda mosaxleobis sabrZolo
potenciali. brinjaos metalurgiis da samTo saqmis ganviTarebam xeli Seuwyo
brinjaos xanis kulturebis farTod ganfenas evraziis kontinentze. niSandoblivia ,
rom Zvelma berZenma poetma hesiodem brinjaos epoqas - ~gmiruli xana“ uwoda.
brinjaos epoqa samxreT kavkasiasa da anatoliaSi Zv.w. IV aTaswleulSi iwyeba
da j. melaartis azriT , dakavSirebulia uruqis periodis mesopotamieli vaW-
rebis gamoCeniT anatoliaSi ,romelTac surdaT nedleuliT mdidar aRmosavleT
anatoliaSi SeesyidaT liToni.
samxreT kavkasiis adrebrinjaos xanis kulturis Zeglebis koncentracia
liTonis sabadoebTan ,maTi ganlageba satranzito gzebze ,spilenZisa da brinjaos
metalurgiis ganviTarebis maRali done miuTiTebs , rom samxreT kavkasiis brin-
jaos xanis kulturebis Camoyalibeba da ayvaveba liTonis warmoebasTan aris
dakavSi rebuli.
adrebrinjaos xanaSi samxreT kavkasiis centralur nawilSi Camoyalibda mtkvar-
araqsis kultura ,romelic kavkasiasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi did teritoriaze
gavrcelda. am kulturam mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula CrdiloeT kavkasiis ,
anatoliis , Crdilo-aRmosavleT iranis da aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTis
uZveles istoriaSi. arcerTi kavkasiuri kultura arc manamde , arc Semdeg ase
farTod ar gavrcelebula da arc aseTi SesamCnevi kvali dautovebia axlo
aRmosavleTis istoriaSi.
mtkvar-araqsis kulturis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli metalurgiis didi
aRmavlobaa. am dros Cndeba liTonis Camosxmis wesiT damzadebuli sxvadasxva
daniSnulebis iaraRi. mravalferovani xdeba liTonis samkauli. samxreT kavkasiaSi
metalurgiis swrafi da intensiuri ganviTareba axlo aRmosavleTis uZveles
civilizaciebTan urTierTobiT aris axsnili. araerTxel aRiniSna ,rom winaaziuri
warmomavlobis nivTebi samxreT kavkasiis gavliT moxvda CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi.
adre da Sua brinjaos xanis samxreTkavkasiuri kulture bis ayvavebis ekonomikur
safuZvels , rogorc Cans , kavkasiis spilenZis , surmis da dariSxanis sabadoebis
intensiuri eqsploatacia warmoa dgenda. swored metalurgiam gaiyvana kav kasia
saerTaSor iso arenaze.
Zv.w. III aTaswleulis miwuruli da II aTaswleulis dasawyisi intensiuri
7
saerTaSoriso interaqtivobiT xasiaTdeba anatolias , samxreT kavkasias ,
aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvipireTsa da axlo aRmosavleTis Sida regionebs Soris.
es interaqtivoba sxvadasxva formiT (vaWroba , samefo qorwineba , diplomatia ,
samxedro konfliqtebi) gamoixata.
adreliTonebis xanis samxreT kavkasiasa da anatoliaSi mimdinare kulturul-
istoriuli procesi regionebs Soris mWidro savaWro-ekonomikuri da kulturuli
urTierTobebis fonze viTardeboda , razec calsaxad miuTiTebs arqeologiuri
monacemebi.
adreliTonebis xanaSi gavrcelebuli arqeologiuri kulturebis kvleva samxreT
kavkasiasa da anatoliaSi ukanasknel xanebSi intensiurad mimdinareobs. gaiTxara
bevri axali Zegli da gamoiTqva sxvadasxva Sexeduleba. didi yuradReba eqceva
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis iseTi mniSvnelovani sferoebis kvlevas ,rogorebicaa
metalurgiis da miwaTmoqmedebis Casaxva-ganviTareba ,preistoriuli religia da
kulti ,sacxovrebeli da samarxi nagebobebis arqiteqturuli tipebi da genezisi ,
preistoriuli vaWroba da gacvlis formebi. kvlevis sagans aseve warmoadgens
adreliTonebis epoqis arqeologiur ZeglTa topografiis , qronologiisa da
periodizaciis sakiTxebi.
SoTa rusTavelis samecniero fondis dafinansebiT Catarebuli saerTaSoriso
konferenciis - `kavkasiisa da anatoliis adreliTonebis xanis arqeologiis
problemebi~ - ZiriTad mizans samxreT kavkasiisa da anatoliis arqeologiur
kulturaTa urTierTobebis da liTonis warmoebis adreuli safexuris (Zv.w. IV-
II aTaswleulebSi) problemebis ganxilva ,uaxlesi savele arqeologiuri kvleva-
Ziebis monacemebis gacnoba da samecniero SexedulebaTa gaziareba warmoadgens.
adreliTonebis epoqis arqeologiuri kulturebi saqarTveloSi , azerbaijanSi ,
somxeTsa da TurqeTSi gaTxil araerT Zeglze dasturdeba da am periodis
istoriisa da arqeologiis problemebis Seswavlas didi tradiciebi aqvs.
miuxedavad amisa , saerTo pozicia konkretuli sakiTxebis irgvliv jer kidev
ar arsebobs da konferenciis aqtualobis erT-erTi maCvenebeli swored am
realobidan gamomdinareobs.
goderZi narimaniSvili ,
Tbilisi ,noemberi 2014 weli
8
PREFACE
With appearance of the metalwork and mining, begins one of the most important epochs in the
history of the mankind. Gold and copper objects appear in South Caucasus in the Neolithic
period. Ancient metal artifacts of the 7th – 5th mill. B.C. were discovered on sites of Shulaver-
Shumutepe, Lailatepe and Sioni cultures.
Along with copper work, human began bronze producing, this could be considered as the greatest
achievement of the epoch. With its technological and mechanical features bronze was of better
quality than copper and its introduction in metalwork was of great progressive importance.
Introduction of metal objects in housekeeping and agriculture as well as in everyday life in
general, raised work productivity and on another hand, bronze weapons strengthened military
capabilities of population. Bronze metallurgy and development of mining contributed to wide
spreading of the Bronze Age cultures over Eurasian continent. It is signifi cant that ancient
Greek poet Hesiod named the Bronze Age “Heroic Age”.
In Anatolia and South Caucasus the Bronze Age begins in 4th millennia B.C. In J. Mellaart’s
opinion, beginning of the Bronze Age is associated with the appearance of the Mesopotamian
traders from Uruk period in Anatolia. First aim of these traders was to buy metal in Eastern
Anatolia, which is rich with raw materials.
The concentration of South Caucasian Early Bronze Age culture sites near mines (generally near
copper mines) or their situation on transit roads, as well as their high level of metal industry,
shows that the formation and rise of the cultures in South Caucasus in the Bronze Age was
connected with the metal manufacturing.
In the Central part of South Caucasus in the Early Bronze Age formed Kura-Araxes culture,
which spread on the vast territory of Caucasus and Near East. This culture played a signifi cant role
in the ancient history of North Caucasus, Anatolia, North-West Iran and Eastern Mediterranean.
No one of the Caucasian cultures, either before or after, had spread so widely or left such
signifi cant mark in the history of Near East.
One of the main characteristics of Kura-Araxes culture is signifi cant rise of metallurgy. In this
period appear objects of different purposes, made with metal casting technology. Metal jewelry
became more diverse. Fast and intense development of metallurgy in South Caucasus could
be explained with connections with ancient civilizations of Near East. Many times has been
mentioned, that the objects of the Middle Eastern origin, got to North Caucasus through South
Caucasus.
Economical bases of development of South Caucasus cultures in the Early and Middle Bronze
Ages, as it seems, was intense exploitation of copper, antimony and arsenic mines. Exactly
metallurgy guided South Caucasus into the international fi eld.
The end of the 3rd and the beginning of the 2nd mill. B.C. are characterized by intense interactivity
between Anatolia, South Caucasus, Eastern Mediterranean and inner regions of Middle East.
This interactivity was expressed in different forms (trade, royal weddings, diplomacy, military
confl icts etc.).
Cultural and historical processes in Early Metal period in South Caucasus and Anatolia were
developing in light of close economical and cultural relations between the regions. This is
indicated by archaeological data.
9