Probiotics and bioactive carbohydrates in colon cancer management

136 Pages·2016·4.32 MB·English

by  Ambalam

Maya Raman
Padma Ambalam
Mukesh Doble
Probiotics
and Bioactive
Carbohydrates in
Colon Cancer
Management
Probiotics and Bioactive Carbohydrates
in Colon Cancer Management

Maya Raman (cid:129) Padma Ambalam
Mukesh Doble
Probiotics and Bioactive
Carbohydrates in Colon
Cancer Management
Maya Raman Padma Ambalam
Bioengineering and Drug Design Lab Department of Biotechnology
Department of Biotechnology Christ College, Saurashtra University
Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
Chennai, TN, India
Mukesh Doble
Bioengineering and Drug Design Lab
Department of Biotechnology
Indian Institute of Technology Madras,
Chennai, TN, India
ISBN 978-81-322-2585-0 ISBN 978-81-322-2586-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2586-7
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015945580
Springer New Delhi Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London
© Springer India 2016
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Preface
Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause in both incidence and mortality
amongst men and women. The American Cancer Society estimated that
136,830 people are affected by it and 50,314 died in 2014. Developing coun-
tries are also showing increased incidences of colorectal cancer. Genetic and
environmental factors contribute to the disease, of which major contribution
is due to the latter. While 10–15 % of cancers are due to familial and heredi-
tary factors, diet is associated with 50–80 % cases. Animal, epidemiological,
case–control and cohort studies have indicated that various nutrients and
components of food aid in the development or prevention of colorectal can-
cer. Excess consumption of red and processed meat, roasted coffee, etc. have
shown a consistent increase in the incidence of colorectal cancer, indicating
that compounds formed in food containing free amino acids and sugars inter-
act at elevated temperatures to form mutagens or carcinogens, namely, het-
erocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These mutagens can
cause alterations and damage to DNA, causing colorectal cancer. The usual
remedy for colorectal cancer includes surgeries and invasive chemotherapy or
radiation regimen; however, the cancer grows undetected and recurs after
treatment. Several lifestyle and dietary factors could prevent this ailment.
This book comprises of seven chapters. The introductory chapter describes
the gut system and its microbiome. Four chapters describe the dietary habits
(probiotics, synbiotics and bioactive carbohydrate, namely, prebiotics and
dietary fi bres) that could modify and reduce the risk of developing colorectal
cancer. Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics have developed into a major
research focus area due to their specifi c health benefi ts in human. The appli-
cations of these include functional foods, health supplements and nutraceuti-
cals. Emphasis is also laid on the dietary fi bres that have shown signifi cant
health benefi ts against colorectal cancer. Consumer interest in the relation-
ship between diet and health has improved the dietary habits presently. This
has also paved the way for functional food and nutraceuticals that supply the
nutrients for benefi cial normal reactions in the body. The chapters discuss the
concept, defi nition and status of the “biotics” in the current market as well as
their different physiological and molecular mechanisms of action.
Short-chain fatty acid, which is involved in CRC considerably and forms
the molecular pathway in preventing colorectal carcinogenesis, is discussed
in Chap. 6. Short-chain fatty acid is formed in the colon as a result of the
microbial fermentation of undigested bioactive carbohydrates including pre-
biotics (oligosaccharides, inulin, lactulose, lactitol) and dietary fi bres by
v
vi Preface
Bifi dobacterium and Lactobacillus. Acetate, propionate and butyrate are
major SCFA products. Butyrate, specifi cally, is involved in the inhibition of
histone deacetylase, resulting in histone hyperacetylation and growth inhibi-
tion in the colonic epithelial cells. Apart from these, it is also involved in
minimizing infl ammation, thereby exhibiting immunomodulatory effects.
Several benefi ts of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and dietary fi bre are
novel and have not been fully explored. Similarly, the mechanism of action of
these also has not been understood with reference to colorectal cancer and
other diseases. This book will be of practical and scientifi c use to academi-
cians, research scholars, students, health professionals, nutritionists, etc. and
could support the cause of preventing CRC by adopting smart food habits.
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Maya Raman
Rajkot, Gujarat, India Padma Ambalam
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Mukesh Doble
Abbreviations
3-MA 3-Methyladenine
7,8-DiMeIQx 2-Amino-3,7,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline
AAD Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea
AAR Annual incidence rates
ACA Anticancerous activity
ACF Aberrant crypt foci
AGJ Artifi cial gastric juice
AIJ Artifi cial intestinal juice
Akt Protein kinase-B
AMA Antimicrobial activity
AMP Antimicrobial peptides
AOM Azoxymethane
ATP Adenosine triphosphate
AXOS Arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides
AαC 2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole
B(α)P Benzo(α)pyrene
CAGR Compound annual growth rate
cAMP Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
CD Crohn’s disease
CDK Cyclic dependent kinase
CFTR Cystic fi brosis transmembrane conductance
cfu/g Colony-forming unit per gram
CH Methane
4
CHOS Chito-oligosaccharides
CIN Chromosomal instability
Cl− Chloride ion
CLA Conjugated linoleic acid
CMC Carboxymethyl cellulose
CO Carbon dioxide
2
CRC Colorectal cancer
CS Caesarean section
CSC Cancerous stem cell
DC Dentritic cells
R
DiMeIQx 2-Amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
EcN E. coli strain Nissle 1917
EGFR Epidermal growth factor receptor
vii
viii Abbreviations
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
ERK Extracellular signal-regulated kinase
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FOS Fructo-oligosaccharide
FP Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
FP7 Framework Programme for Research
Fru Fructose
Gal Galactose
GIA Global Industry Analysts
GIT Gastrointestinal tract
GLP1 Glucagon-like peptide 1
GLP2 Glucagon-like peptide 2
Glu Glucose
Glu-P-1 2-Amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3′,2′-d]imidazole
Glu-P-2 2-Aminodipyrido[1,2-a:3′,2′-d]imidazole
GOS Galacto-oligosaccharide
GPCRs G-protein-coupled receptors
GRAS Generally recommended as safe
GTO Gentio-oligosaccharides
H+ Hydrogen ion
H Hydrogen
2
H O Hydrogen peroxide
2 2
H S Hydrogen sulphide
2
HCA Heterocyclic amines
HCO− Carbonate ion
3
HDAC Histone deacetylase
HepG2 Human hepatoma cell lines
HTS High-throughput sequencing technologies
IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer
IBD Infl ammatory bowel disease
IBS Irritable bowel syndrome
IDL Intermediate-density lipoprotein
IL Interleukin
IMO Isomalto-oligosaccharide
IQ 2-Amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline
ISCs Intestinal stem cells
kD Kilodalton
kJ Kilojoule
LAB Lactic acid bacteria
LcS L. casei strain, Shirota
LDL Low-density lipoprotein
MAPK Mitogen-activated protein kinase
MeAαC 2-Amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole
MeIQ 2-Amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline
MeIQx 2-Amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo [4,5-f]quinoxaline
MLN Mesenteric lymph nodes
MMPs Metalloproteinases
MNNG N-Methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine
Abbreviations ix
MOS Mannan-oligosaccharides
MSI Microsatellite instability
Na+ Sodium ion
NF-κB Nuclear factor-κB
NH Ammonia
3
NH+ Ammonium ion
4
NIH National Institutes of Health
NK Natural killer
NOC N-Nitroso compounds
PAH Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
PARP Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase
PhIP 2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine
PI Prebiotic index
PI3K Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
POS Pectin-oligosaccharides
PPAR-γ Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma
RD Resistant dextrin
ROS Reactive oxygen species
RS Resistant starch
SCFA Short-chain fatty acids
SO Sulphate
4
SOS Soy-oligosaccharide
TGOS Trans-galacto-oligosaccharide
TIM Tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase
TNF Tumour necrosis factor
TOS Trans-oligosaccharide
Trp-P-1 3-Amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]-indole
Trp-P-2 3-Amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole
UC Ulcerative colitis
USD United States Dollars
USNFIA United States National Food Ingredient Association
UTI Urinary tract infection
VLDL Very-low-density lipoprotein
WHO World Health Organization
XOS Xylo-oligosaccharide