Probes of Multimessenger Astrophysics: Charged cosmic rays, neutrinos, γ-rays and gravitational waves

603 Pages·2018·17.33 MB·English

by  Maurizio Spurio

Astronomy and Astrophysics Library
Maurizio Spurio
Probes of
Multimessenger
Astrophysics
Charged Cosmic Rays, Neutrinos,
γ-Rays and Gravitational Waves
Second Edition
SeriesEditors: MartinA.Barstow,UniversityofLeicester,Leicester,UK
AndreasBurkert,UniversityObservatoryMunich,Munich,
Germany
AthenaCoustenis,Paris-MeudonObservatory,Meudon,
France
MichaelA.Dopita,MountStromloObservatory,
WestonCreek,Australia
RobertoGilmozzi,EuropeanSouthernObservatory(ESO),
Garching,Germany
GeorgesMeynet,GenevaObservatory,Versoix,Switzerland
ShinMineshige,DepartmentofAstronomy,KyotoUniversity,
Sakyo-ku,Kyoto,Japan
IanRobson,TheUKAstronomyTechnologyCentre,
Edinburgh,UK
PeterSchneider,Argelander-InstitutfürAstronomie,Bonn,
Germany
VirginiaTrimble,UniversityofCalifornia,Irvine,USA
DerekWard-Thompson,UniversityofCentralLancashire,
Preston,UK
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/848
Maurizio Spurio
Probes of Multimessenger
Astrophysics
Charged Cosmic Rays, Neutrinos, γ-Rays
and Gravitational Waves
Second Edition
123
MaurizioSpurio
DepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy,
andINFN
UniversityofBologna
Bologna,Italy
Additionalmaterialtothisbookcanbedownloadedfromhttp://extras.springer.com.
ISSN0941-7834 ISSN2196-9698 (electronic)
AstronomyandAstrophysicsLibrary
ISBN978-3-319-96853-7 ISBN978-3-319-96854-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96854-4
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AMariagrazia,
EleonoraeFederico
Du siehst,meinSohn,
zum Raumwird hierdieZeit.
Non ho dellepretese,
il meritol’ètutto
dellascuola bolognese!
Preface to the Second Edition
A real breakthroughin science occurred in 2016: the first observation of gravita-
tionalwaves.High-energyastrophysicsisnowstudiedusingdifferentprobesunder
atleastthreelargeexperimentalbranches:theelectromagneticradiation,fromradio
to X-rays, with techniques developed by traditional astronomy; charged cosmic
rays, γ-rays, and neutrinos, with experimentalmethods developed in high-energy
laboratories;and gravitational waves (GWs), observed using laser interferometers
thatreachedtheirmaturityafteralongexperimentalpath.
The combined study of the Universe with all the aforementionedexperimental
probesoffersincredibleopportunities,asalreadydemonstratedbythe observation
of the merging of two neutron stars on August 17, 2017. The prompt finding of
the GW and of the γ-ray burst was followed by the most extensive worldwide
observational campaign using 70 observatories on all continents and in space.
The efforts produced results (extensively described in this book) that also led
to a paper coauthored by almost 4000 physicists from more than 900 institu-
tions.
The discovery of GWs pushed me to revise the first edition of this book,
to include the impact of the discovery of GWs on the study of the Universe.
The general layout of the book is unchanged, but I tried to offer a more global
and multimessenger vision of the different probes used to study astrophysical
phenomena.
The basics of GWs have been included in the completely new Chap.13;
here, the key features of the events observed with GWs are studied in terms of
introductory physics and compared with the results presented in the discovery
papers. I particularly stressed the detections’ impact on astrophysics. Moreover,
dedicated sections have been introduced in Chaps.1, 6, 8, and 12 to include the
consequencesofGWobservationsontheunderstandingofthephysicsofcompact
objects(blackholesandneutronstars),theshortGRBs andthekilonovae,thejets
inastrophysics,andtheoriginoftheheavyelementsintheUniverse.
vii
viii PrefacetotheSecondEdition
Ialsotooktheopportunityofaneweditiontoinclude:
(cid:129) ThenewAMS-02results(Chaps.3and5)ondirectmeasurementofcosmicrays
(CRs);
(cid:129) The ARGO-YBJ observationson the chemicalcompositionof CRs at the knee
region(Chap.4);
(cid:129) The evidence of extragalactic CRs above 8 × 1018eV from the Pierre Auger
Observatory and the updated results (together with the Telescope Array) on
UHECRs(Chaps.5and7);
(cid:129) A completely revised description of the leptonic model for the production of
γ-rays(Chap.8);
(cid:129) TheupdatedcataloguesfromtheFermi-LATsatellite(Chap.8);
(cid:129) The description of the new HAWC telescope and the update of the TeV γ-ray
catalogue(Chap.9);
(cid:129) A complete revision of the results on astrophysical neutrinos observed by
IceCube,oncosmogenicneutrinos,andonnewprojects(Chap.10);
(cid:129) ThenewresultsonthemeasurementofsolarneutrinosbytheBorexinoexperi-
ment(Chap.12);
(cid:129) Anupdateonthesearchesfordarkmatter(Chap.14).
The only negative remark to the first edition I received from a couple of
colleaguesisaboutthefactthatSIunitsarenotalwaysused;inparticular,inmost
electromagneticformulas,theGaussianunitsystemisused.Sorry,thisisnotabook
forengineers;physicistnotfamiliarwiththe(beautiful!)Gausssystemcanhavethe
occasiontolearnanduseit.Adedicatedsectionhasbeenintroducedattheendof
Chap.2.
Finally,Iwouldreallyliketothankthemanycolleaguesandstudentswhogave
such positive feedback on the first edition of the book. In some cases, they also
alertedmetosmallimprecisions,mistakes,andmisprints,whichIhavenowtaken
the opportunity to correct or remove. In particular, I really appreciate the overall
revision and comments by James Matthews (Louisiana State University) and Jim
Linnemann(MichiganStateUniversity).
Ihopereaderswillenjoythisnewedition.
Bologna,Italy MaurizioSpurio
June2018
Preface to the First Edition
This book is designed as an introduction to the many different aspects that
correlateparticlephysicswith astrophysicsandcosmology,as wellas introducing
astrophysicsbymeansofthemanyexperimentalresultsrecentlyobtainedthrough
the study of charged and neutral high-energy particles (including GeV and TeV
photons).
TheStandardModelofparticlephysics,whichincludesthetheoryofelectroweak
interaction and quantum chromodynamics for the strong interaction, explains all
available experimentalresultsquite well. Thetheorywas recentlycrownedby the
discoveryofthelastmissingpiece:theHiggsboson.AparallelStandardModelhas
been derived from observationalcosmology, which describes the evolution of the
Universeasawhole,aswellastheobjectswithinit.
“Multimessenger” astrophysics, connecting traditional astronomy with cosmic
ray,γ-ray,andneutrinoobservations,hasbeenmadepossiblebytheavailabilityof
experimentaltechniquesanddetectorsusedinparticlephysics.Thesedevelopments
haveallowedfortheconstructionandoperationofexperimentsinspaceborrowing
fromthetechniquesusedforaccelerators.Thishasmadepossible,withspace-based
experiments,the study of cosmic matter and antimatter and the detection of high-
energy γ-rays with good pointing capabilities. Underground laboratories, created
totestparticlephysicsbeyondtheStandardModel,offeranideallow-background
environmentfordetectingneutrinosproducedbythenucleosynthesisintheSun,or
by the gravitationalcore collapse of a massive star. Deep underwater/iceneutrino
telescopeshavestartedtoprovideinformationoncosmicaccelerators,whileatthe
sametimeallowingtestsofseveralphysicalpropertiesofneutrinos.
This book is aimed primarily at those undertaking postgraduate courses, at
PhD students, and at post doc researchers involved in high-energy physics or
astrophysicsresearch.Itisalsoaimedatseniorparticlephysicistsusuallyinterested
inaccelerator/colliderphysics,eagertounderstandandappreciatethemechanisms
of the largest accelerators in the Universe. The reader is assumed to know, at an
introductorylevel,particleandnuclearphysics.Additionalmaterial(referredtoas
“Extras”)isfreelyavailableontheSpringerwebsiteforthisbook.
ix
x PrefacetotheFirstEdition
The book is based on my lecture experiences at the University of Bologna
on Astroparticle Physics. I have adopted here a systematic approach to cover
the experimental aspects, as well as to introduce the theoretical background. In
particular, I dedicated significant effort for first-order estimates of all the relevant
processesdescribed,referringtomoreadvancedreadingsfordeeperdevelopments.
The interpretations of experimental results of modern experiments rely, in most
cases,ondatacomparisonwithmodelpredictionsobtainedviaMonteCarlometh-
ods.Thesecomputationaltechniquesareusuallyverydetailed.Itisveryimportant
that researchers acquire the habit of critically understanding the physical results
ofadvancedsimulationtools,evenwithsimple back-of-the-envelopeestimates.In
this optic,I devotedgreatcare to the measurementunits of all relevantquantities,
todeveloptoy-modelsforderivingobservablequantitiesfromintuitivearguments,
andtocomparetheresultsofthesesimplepredictionswithpublisheddata.
Twowordsofwarningabouttheliterature:Iusuallyquotedreviewpapers.They
are often easier to read and more helpfulin introducingthe reader to the inherent
physicsthanspecificresearchpapers.Reviews,inturns,containadetailedindication
forfurtherreadings(onaverage,morethan200citationsforeachreviewpaper).For
thepermissiontoreproduceoradaptphotographsanddiagrams,Iamverygrateful
to all of the authors, collaborations, institutions, and laboratories quoted in each
figurecaption.Imadeeveryefforttosecurenecessarypermissionstoreproducethe
copyrightmaterialinthiswork.Ifanyomissionsarebroughttomynotice,Iwillbe
happytoincludeappropriateacknowledgmentsonreprinting.
Ithankmanycolleaguesfortheircooperationandsuggestions:thefriendsfrom
the ANTARES and OPERA groups at Bologna University and from the former
MACROexperiment,andinparticularS.Cecchini,A.Margiotta,andProf.G.Gia-
comelli(whorecentlypassedaway),andthecolleaguesfromtheIstitutoNazionale
di Fisica Nucleare, especially the representatives of the National Committee 2—
who are mainly involved in astroparticle physics—for the instructive discussions
sometimesusedinthecontentofthisbook.Particularmentionmustbemadeofthe
PhDstudents,thoseinourgroupandthosewithwhomIinteractedduringthelast15
yearsinmyresearchactivityinregardtoaneutrinotelescopeintheMediterranean
Sea. Special thanksto all membersof the ANTARES collaboration.I am grateful
tothemanystudentswhoreadthemanuscriptundertheformofdidacticmaterial,
fortheirsuggestionsandquestionsthathaveallowedmetoformthisworkinaway
thatIhopewillbeusefulformany.
Finally,IhavetodeeplyandsincerelythankProf.VincenzoFlaminio,University
of Pisa, who read the manuscript critically and in depth. He has been a severe,
knowledgeable,affable reviewer, whose opinion served as an importantmeans of
supportfortheauthorandhascontributedtotheimprovementofthefinalversion.
I would also very much appreciate any corrections to mistakes or misprints
(including the trivial ones), as well as comments or simple observations. Please
addressthemto:[email protected].
Bologna,Italy MaurizioSpurio
July2014
Contents
1 AnOverviewofMultimessengerAstrophysics.......................... 1
1.1 Introduction......................................................... 1
1.2 AstrophysicsandAstroparticlePhysics............................ 4
1.3 MultimessengerAstronomy........................................ 6
1.4 ExperimentalResultsNotCoveredinThisBook................. 9
1.5 CosmicRays ........................................................ 10
1.6 Gamma-RaysofGeVandTeVEnergies .......................... 13
1.7 NeutrinoAstrophysics.............................................. 15
1.8 GravitationalWaves ................................................ 18
1.9 TheDarkUniverse.................................................. 19
1.10 LaboratoriesandDetectorsforAstroparticlePhysics............. 20
1.10.1 SpaceExperiments....................................... 21
1.10.2 ExperimentsintheAtmosphere......................... 22
1.10.3 Ground-BasedExperiments............................. 23
1.11 UndergroundLaboratoriesforRareEvents........................ 23
References.................................................................... 26
2 ChargedCosmicRaysinOurGalaxy.................................... 29
2.1 TheDiscoveryofCosmicRays .................................... 30
2.2 CosmicRaysandtheEarlyDaysofParticlePhysics............. 33
2.3 TheDiscoveryofthePositronandParticleIdentification ........ 34
2.3.1 TheMotioninaMagneticFieldandtheParticle
Rigidity................................................... 34
2.3.2 TheIdentificationofthePositron....................... 36
2.4 AToyTelescopeforPrimaryCosmicRays ....................... 40
2.5 DifferentialandIntegralFlux ...................................... 42
2.6 TheEnergySpectrumofPrimaryCosmicRays................... 44
2.7 ThePhysicalPropertiesoftheGalaxy............................. 47
2.7.1 TheGalacticMagneticField............................ 49
2.7.2 TheInterstellarMatterDistribution..................... 51
2.8 Low-EnergyCosmicRaysfromtheSun........................... 53
xi