Probable trends in terrorism in Western Europe.

148 Pages·2.9 MB·en_US

by  Heron, Charles M.;Yost, David S.

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NavalPostgraduateSchool (IfApplicable) NavalPostgraduateSchool
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Heron,Charles M.
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Master'sThesis FROM TO December1992 139
16. SUPPLEMENTARYNOTATION
TheviewsexpressedinthisthesisarethoseoftheauthoranddonotreflecttheofficialpolicyorpositionoftheDepartmentof
DefenseortheU.S.Government.
COSATICODES "W. SUBJECTTERMS(continueonreverseifnecessaryandidentifybyblocknumber)
TTeTd- GTK5UP 1 SUBGROUP Terrorism,WesternEurope,National-Separatism,Semtex,nuclearterrorism,
KGB,Interpol,Trevi,immigration,Islamicfundamentalism,SingleEuropeanAct,
ETA,FLNC,MiddleEast,European cooperation.
\y. ABSTRACT(Continueonreverseifnecessaryandidentifybyblocknumber)
TerrorismisacontinuinginternationalconcernwhichhasparticularlyplaguedthesecurityofWesternEurope. Thisthesis
analyzesprobabletrendsinterrorisminthe 1990sinthisregion. ThethesisexaminesthesourcesofterrorismaffecungWestern
Europe: indigenousandforeignterroristorganizations. Semtexandnuclearmaterialsthatcouldcontributetofutureterroristic
actsarediscussed,aswellascurrentnationalist-separatistmovementsinWesternEurope,withparticularemphasisontheETA
andtheFLNC. ThepotentialsignificanceforterrorismofimmigrationandtheimplementationoftheSingleEuropeanActin
1993isconsidered. Finally,thethesisreviewscooperativeeffortstocombatterrorismwithinWesternEurope. Thecooperative
sffortbyEuropeangovernmentstodeteranddealwithterrorismmustbeexpeditedtokeeppacewiththenewchallengesmatare
boundtoarise.
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DavidS.Yost Code) CodeNSYo
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PROBABLE TRENDS IN TERRORISM IN WESTERN EUROPE
by
Charles M. Heron
LieutenantCommander, UnitedStates Navy
B.S., WestChesterState College, PA, 1978
Submitted in partial fulfillment
ofthe requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF ARTS IN NATIONALSECURITY AFFAIRS
from the
ABSTRACT
Terrorism is a continuing international concern which has particularly plagued the
securityofWesternEurope. Thisthesisanalyzesprobabletrendsinterrorismin the 1990s
in this region. The thesis examines the sources of terrorism affecting Western Europe:
indigenousand foreign terrorist organizations. Semtex and nuclear materials that could
contribute to future terroristic actsare discussed, as wellas current nationalist-separatist
movementsin Western Europe, with particularemphasison the ETA and the FLNC. The
potential significance for terrorism ofimmigration and the implementation of the Single
European Act in 1993 is considered. Finally, the thesis reviews cooperative efforts to
combat terrorism within Western Europe. The cooperative effort by European
governments to deter and deal with terrorism must be expedited to keep pace with the
new challenges that are bound to arise.
//H
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
I. 1
II. INDIGENOUS TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS 8
A. TERRORIST OBJECTIVES/INCIDENTS AGAINST NATO 8
B. TERRORIST GROUP COOPERATION 15
C. CURRENT TRENDS 18
III. FOREIGN TERRORISTS ON EUROPEAN SOIL 20
A. MIDDLE EASTERN TERRORISM IN WESTERN EUROPE 20
B. SOVIET (AND EASTERN BLOC) INVOLVEMENT 29
1. Historical Involvement/Soviet Motives 29
2. KGB Operations and Training 32
3. The KGB's Association with "Carlos" 38
4. The KGB's Future Ties to Terrorism 40
5. Eastern Europe's Contribution 41
IV. SEMTEX AND NUCLEAR TERRORISM 46
A. THE UNCONTROLLABLE THREAT OF SEMTEX 46
B. THE THREAT OFNUCLEAR TERRORISM 53
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V. WESTERN EUROPEAN ETHNIC/SEPARATIST MOVEMENTS 63
A. THE NATIONALIST DILEMMA AND ITS DEFINITION 63
NATIONALIST-SEPARATIST CONNECTIONS TO
B.
TERRORISM 68
C. THE BASQUE FATHERLAND AND LIBERTY GROUP (ETA) 69
. .
D. THE CORSICAN NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONT (FLNC) 73
. .
E. PAST AND CURRENT ETA AND FLNC TERRORIST
ACTIVITY 75
F. ETA AND FLNC GOALS AND AGENDA 80
G. TRENDS OF NATIONALIST-SEPARATIST MOVEMENTS 81
H. COMBATTINGNATIONALIST-SEPARATISTMOVEMENTSIN
WESTERN EUROPE 85
VI. COOPERATIVE EFFORTS TO ELIMINATE EUROPEAN
TERRORISM 90
A. EUROPE'S OPEN BORDERS/IMPLICATIONS FOR
TERRORISM 90
B. INTELLIGENCE AND POLICE COOPERATION 97
C. TOWARDS FUTURE COOPERATION 103
VII. CONCLUSION 107
APPENDIX A 113
APPENDIX B 114
APPENDIX C 115
APPENDIX D 116
BIBLIOGRAPHY 117
INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST 127