Probable Cause to Arrest and Admissibility of Evidence

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Golden Gate University School of Law
GGU Law Digital Commons
California Agencies California Documents
1960
Probable Cause to Arrest and Admissibility of
Evidence
Bonnie Lee Martin
Office of the Attorney General
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Martin, Bonnie Lee, "Probable Cause to Arrest and Admissibility of Evidence" (1960).California Agencies.Paper 252.
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PROBABlE CAUSE TO ARREST
AND
ADMISSIBILITY OF IDENCE
By
BONNIE lEE MARTIN
Deputy Attorney General of the State of California
Authorized by
STANLEY MOSK
Attorney General of the State of California
1960 Revised Edition
Sold by
PRINTING DIVISION, DOCUMENTS SECTION
Sacramento 14, California
Price $1.25, plus tax
PREFACE
Following the decision in People v. Cahan, in April of 1955, Cali
fornia adopted as a judicially declared rule of evidence, that illegally
obtained evidence would be inadmissible in a criminal proceeding.
There are only a few general statutes governing the laws of arrest
which aid the court and police officers in determining whether a given
arrest is lawful and a search and seizure of evidence proper. 'l'hus it
remained for judicial decisions to define and answer the problems which
have arisen in this area.
Since our digest systems are never quite current and since to my
knowledge, these cases have never been compiled and thoroughly in
dexed, it was felt that such a work as this 1vas needed. The first print
ing of this syllabus was a compilation of cases following the Cahan
decision through December 10, 1957. Since that time there have been
significant changes and additional refinements in the law, particularly
in regard to confidential informers. 'rhis revised edition includes the
California cases relating to searches and seiznres and probable cause
to arrest through January 1, 1960, as well as those cases reported in the
earlier edition.
BoNNIE LEE l\IARTIN
Deputy Attorney General
3
TOPICAL INDEX
Page
INTRODUCTION: The Exclusionary Rule ~­
L WHAT CO:{STI'l'UTES AN ARREST ~ 15
II. LEGALITY OF ARREST 17
A. With a Warrant ~~~~~ 17
B. Without a ·warranL--~~ 19
1. By Peace 0 fficers 19
2. Private Persons 21
3. Con1n1itted Pres0nce 23
C. Presumption of Leg-ality of Arrest and 25
Ill. RIGHT TO SUSPECTS OR WITNESSEJS 27
A. In 27
B. Outdoors 29
33
IV. WHAT CONSTITUTES REASONABLEi OH PHOHA HLE CA r~ll'i TO
BELTE\VE AHRIGSTf~E HAS COJ'vL:\HTTED FI~LONY
A. General ::;;;
1.
2. 39
B. 41
41
41
45
47
49
51
5~
5!)
57
59
61
63
GD
67
67
Gfl
71
Iii
12. 75
1
S1
85
14. 89
15. 91
16. 93
17. 97
18. Counterfeiting 99
19. Sex Offenses 101
C. Inforn1er Cases 103
1. Reliable Information lOB
a. Reliable Confidential Informant - 103
b. Police Officers and Radio Broadcasts 109
Information From Ordinary Citizen 111
d. Informant Known to Police Officers 113
2. Information u;;
Corroborated _____ _
3. Revealing of Inforn1ant
a. Infonnation is Basis Probal,Ie
b. Informer Is a Participant or a Material
c. Nondisclosure Not Prejudicial Error
d. Defendant Must Request That Identity of Informer Be Revealed 133
e. Name of Informant Unknuwn 135
f. Prosecution Need Not Produce InformanL_ 137
g. Need Kot Be Revealed ___ -~ 139
D. Heasonable to Search Vehicle ~---
1. General Rule ~~~~~~~~ _
a. Reasonable Cause to Believe Contraband Contained 'l'herein
5
TOPICAL INDEX-Continued
Page
b. Distinction Between Homes and Automobiles
c. Impounded Vehicle
Traffic Violations and Automobile ___________________ _
3. Defendant Arrested From Vehicle __________________________ _
V. REASONABLENESS OF' THE SEARCH --------------
...--\. General Definition
1. Question of Law ----------------------------_
B. Search as Incident to Lawful Arrest
1. May Be Before or After Arrest ------·-
2. Exploratory Searches _____________________ _
C. Need Not Procure Search Warrant 163
D. Consent -------------------------------------- 165
Substitute for Reasonable Cause or Seareh Vvarrant lGG
of Fact and Burden of Proof __ _
by Defendant -------------
Consent by Another ______ -----------------·
a. Person in Joint Possession __________________________ _
b. Apparent Authority _______________________________________________ _
Voluntary Nature of Consent
Defendant in Custody
Coercion
6. Cannot Go
Search of Pren1ises Licensee -~-
to Enter to Render Aid ____ _ -- 18Z.
a Search and Used
Conversation and Mechanical
Which Is Patent
Person and Use of Force
G. Arrest and Search for One Crime Turns Up Evidence Bearing on a Dif
ferent Crime ----------------------------
1-I. Area of Search
1. Premises Under Control of
2. Defendant Arrested Away
3. Or;en Fields and \Voods
Duration of
Cannot De .Justified
YI. INFOHMING ARHESTEE OF'
A.
B.
c.
Excuses for Failure to
1. Unrelated to Securing
to Use Caution
VIII. RELY ON RIGHTS OF' OTHr;ns ------
IX. STATEMENTS MADE DURING ILLEGAL DETENTION
X. TECHNICAL VIOLATIONS UNHELATED TO SECUHING EVIDENCE
XI. TESTIMONY HELATING TO PHOBABLE
A. ::Ylust Testify to Details of Information 227
XII. OBJECTIONS ::YIUST BE MADE AT TRIAL TO RAISE ON APPEAL __ _
A. Preliminary Motions In Advance of Trial
B. vVrit of Prohibition to Review Huling on Admissibility of
XIIL TESTIMONY RELATING TO EVIDENCE UNLAWFULLY IS
INADMISSIBLE
XIV.
XV.
\Vhat May Be
1. Statements
2.
4.
6
TABLE OF AUTHORITIES CITED
CASES
Page
Agnello v. United States, 46 S. Ct. 4, 269 T:.S. 20_ l:J5, 198
Allen v. }\IcCoy_ 135 Cal. App. 500 -----209
Amos v. United States, 41 S. Ct. 17fl
Arata v. Superior Court, 153 Cal. 17
Badillo v. Superior Court, 46 Cal. 2:J, 52, 231
Breithaupt v. Abram, 77 S. Ct. 408, 352 U.S. 434 (N.M.) ____ _ 71, 172, 191
Brinegar v. United States, 69 S. Ct. 1302, 338 U.S. 160 __ _ 141
Cash v. Superior Court, 53 A.C. 73. 239, 247
Castiel v. Superior Court, 162 Cal. App. 2d 710 _____ _ --243
Cooley v. State Board of Funeral Directors and Embalmers,
141 Cal. App. 2d 293_ ___________________________________________________ 183, 189
Cordry v. Superior Court, 161 Cal. App. 2d 267_ _ _____ 2~9
Coverstone v. Davies, 38 Cal. 2d 315 19
Coy v. Superior Court, 51 Cal. 2d 471._______ _ ______ 133
De Losa v. Superior Court, 166 Cal. App. 2d L 127, 1~4. 24:1
Dixon, In re, 41 Cal. 2d 756--- ___________ ____ __ _ 99, 171
Fobbs v. City of Los Angeles, 154 Cal. App. 2d 464 ------------ 19
Funk v. Superior Court, 52 A. C. 436_ __ __ ____________ 242, 247, 251
Gascon v. Superior Court, 169 Cal. App. 2d 356__ .52, 59, 87, 150
Gibson v. J. C. Penney, 165 Cal. App. 2d 6•10_ 37, 38
Gisske v. Sanders, 9 Cal. App. 13---- _ 29, 49, 63
Harris v. United States, 67 S. Ct. 1098, 331 U.S. 145____ 201
Hatjis v. Superior Court, 144 Cal. App. 2d 426_ ___ 25, 79, 121
Hernandez v. Superior Court, 143 Cal. App. 2d 20 __ 65, 86, 197
Hester v. United States, 44 S. Ct. 445, 26!i U.S. 57___________ _ 199
Johnson v. United States, 68 S. Ct. 367, 333 U.S. 10__________ 179
Lorenzen v. Superior Court, 150 Cal. App. 2d 506 38, 103, 106, 133, 163
McAllister v. Superior Court, 165 Cal. App. 2d 297 ______ __ ___ 221, 240
::\icCarthy v. Superior Court, 162 Cal. 2d 7G5 _ _____ 239
::\fitchel! v. Superior Court, 50 Cal. 2d ___ 127, 131
Montgomery v. Superior Court, 146 Cal. 66a, 77, 109
Panzich v. United Statee, 285 Fed. 87L -231
People v. Acosta, 142 Cal. App. 2d 59 78
People v. Adame, Cal. App. 2d 587.. 66a, 157
People v. Alaniz, 149 Cal. App. 2d 560. 125, 197
People v. Alcala, 169, CaL App. 2d 468. _ 139, 157
People v. Alesi, 169, Cal. App. 2d 758 119, 139
People v. Alexander, 168 Cal. App. 2d 753 _ 137
People v. Allen, 142 Cal. 2d 267 - 157, 163, 165, 221
People v. Alvarez, 154 Cal. 2d 694-- 127, 133
People v. Alvidrez, 158 Cal. 2d 2!J9 . __ 133, 229
People v. Amado, 167 Cal. App. 2d 3,15 53, 120, 133
People v. Ambrose, 155 Cal. App. 2d 513 ~-55, 6~ 93,176,190
People v. Ames, 151 Cal. App. 2d 714_ _38, 101, 109
People v. Anders, 167 Cal. App. 2d 65 .53, 150
People v. Anderson, 145 Cal. App. 2d 20L _____ _ 187
People v. Andrews, 153 Cal. App. 2d 333_ __ 106
People v. Arter, 169 Cal. 2d 439_ ______ _ 230
People v. Asheraft, 138 Cal. 2d 820 --~---_ 177
People v. Augustine, 152 Cal. 264 ____ _ -- 54, 57, 78, 106
People v. A vas, 144 Cal. App. -187
People v. Baker, 135 Cal. App. 2d --- .147, 150
People v. Baker, 170 Cal. App. 2d 240 ... 105, 128
People v. Ball, 162 Cal. App. 2d 465 ______ _ __21, 157, 165
People v. Baltazar, 1ii9 Cal. App. 2d 595 __________ _ 105
People v. Barnett, lfJG Cal. 2d SOL _____ ------ 217
People v. Bashor, 48 Cal. 2d 221
People v. Bates, 163 Cal. 120
People v. Beard, 46 Cal. 207
People v. Berger, 44 Cal. 2d 459 ~----------------_ 235
People v. Bernal, 174 A.C.A. 836 _____ _ 159
Peoplev.Berve, 51 Cal. 2d 286 __ ---------237
People v. Best, 172 A.C.A. 139
People v. Blankenship, 171 A.C.A. 64_ _______ _
People v. Blodgett, 46 Cal. 2d 114-_________ -------
People v. Bock Leung Chew, H2 Cal. App. 2d
7
TABLE OF AUTHORITIES CITED-Continued
CASES-Continued
Page
109
33, 94, 159, 170
--- 103, 105, 106, 172
-- ------ 66
_2~. 39, 103, 159, 20~ 22~ 227
_____ 23, 89, 1B
_____ 53, 143, 145
-------- 111
Y. __ :J3, 41, 66a, 22D
v. Brown, _, __ 3G, 63, 81,
Brown, ___ 19, 87, 157,
People Burgess, __ 19, 21, 23, :~9
Penvle v. Burke, 47 Cal. 2d _____ 165, 167,227
People v. Cahan, 44 Cal. 2d 434 13, 87, 2a7
Peor)Je v. Cahan, Hl Cal. App. 2d ____________ 165, 187
v. Cahan, 1 ;;o CdJ. App. 2d ____________ 89, 175
Cahill, 163 Cal. App. 2d 1G __ 23, 101, 187, 19·1
v. C:-tnnon l,t8 Cal. APIL 2d 163 _ _ ___ 78, 115,120
v. Calltl(:-Y1 IG:S Cal. 2d 7G2__ 53, 149, 150, 190
A.C.A. ------------ 125
4G Cal. ____ ----175, 191
Peonle v. _A.C,_A, {)2iJ_ _____________ _ ____ 33, 52, 95, 190
People v. 51 Cal. 2d G02 _ 211
People v. 149 Cal. 2d ___ 2G
People v. Carter, Cal. 2d 174
People v. Cartier, 51 Cal. 2d ___ 242
People v. 170 Cal. App. 2d 613_______ _ _ ----------- ___ 109
People v. 153 Cal. App. 2d 653_ ________________________ ----------------127
People v. 52 A. C. 94 ___ _____ _ ___ 241, 249, 2G1
People,.. 166 Cal. App. 2d G2L- ----------- -- _ ----------------125
People v. Cal. App. 2d 143------------------------------------ 170
People v. Chong Louie, 149 Cal. 2d 167._ ___________ ------- --------- 119
People v. Cal. App. 2d ________ 52, SG, 1 229
People v. 153 Cal. App. 2d --------------------- 221
People v. Clifton, Cal. .App. 2cl 617 ---~--- __ 23, 3;)
People v. 134 Cal. App. 2d 594______ _ __ 61, 81, 157, 1 19-1
People v. Collier, 69 Cal. App, 2d 19_ __________ 147, lt:l
People v. Colonna, 140 Cal. App, 2d 705__ ___ ------------------------219
People v. 154 Cal. App. 2d 321
People v. Cox, 15G App. 2d 472
People v. 17 4 A.C.A. 289-----
People v. Cal. App. 2d 6·19 __ 153
People v. Daley, 172 A.C.A. 386-_ 229
People v. 127 Cal. 2d 375 __ _ 192
People v. Dean, Cal. App. 165 ___ _ 105
People v. Denne, 141 Cal. App. 2d 499____ __ _____________
People v. 150 Cal. App. 2d 119 ___ 26, 30, 35, 38, 45, 51, 78, 103, 107, 139,
People v. Diaz, A.C.A. 857 134
People v. Diggs, 161 Cal. 2d 167 ______ _ ---------------------106
People v. Dillard, 168 Cal. 2d 158_ 176
People v. Dixon, 46 Cal. 2d 235
People v. 144 Cal. 177
People v. Dore, App. 151
People v. Duncan, 51 Cal. 2d 91
People v. Dupee, 151 Cal. 1G3
People v. Durazo, 52 A. C. 128
People v. 48 Cal. 2d 766 __ _ 71, 151, 172, 1Dl
People v. Eccsley, Cal. App. 2d 565 89, 115, 119, 18~
People v. Edwards, 142 Cal. App, 2d 419 _____ 35, 51, S5
People v. Evans, 175 A.C.A. 304 29, 37, 97, 231
People v. Fabela, 175 A.C.A. 577.. ___ _ __ ____ .. 60, 66, 86, 140a
People Y. Farrara, 46 Cal. 2d 265-_____ _ 25
People v. 166 Cal. App. 2d 446_ -__ 139, 165, 1G7
People v. Felli, Cal. App. 2d 123 --·------94, 159
People v. Ferrera, 149 Cal. App. 2d 850 __ _ 119, 211
People v. Fields, 167 Cal. 2d 773_ __ 167, 177
People v. Fischer, 49 Cal. 89
8
TABlE OF AUTHORITIES CITED-Continued
CASES-Continued
Page
People v. Follin:;;, 173 A.C.A. 900
People v. Gale, 46 Cal. 2d 253 __ 151, 21 fl
People v. Gallardo, 41 Cal. 2d 57 251
People v. Galle, 153 Cal. App. 2d 88_ _____ _ 175
People v. Garcia, 171 A.C.A. 818 __ 140
People v. Garnett, H8 Cal. App. 2d 28Q ______ _ 103, 104, 105, 177
People v. Glaze, 139 Cal. 154- _________ _ ---------- 251
People v. Goldberg, 152 Cal. --107
People v. Gonzales, 20 Cal. 13
People v. Gonzales, 136 Cal. App, 2d -137 129
People v. Gonzales, 141 Cal. App. 2d 125
People v. Goodo, H7 Cal. 2d 7 117
People v. Gorg, 45 Cal. 2d 195
People v. Gorg, 157 Cal. App. 2d 515
People v. Grace, 166 Cal. App. 2d 68.
People v. Graff, 144 Cal. App. 2d 19~
People v. Green, 152 Cal. App. 2d 5K6
People v. Griffin, 162 Cal. App. 2d 712..
People v. Guerrera, 149 Cal. App. 2d
People v. Gusukuna, 152 Cal. App. 2d 163
People v. Gutierrez, 171 A.C.A. 790___ __________ 125
People v. Guy, 145 Cal. App, 2d 481 195
People v. Hames, 173 A.C.A. 762_____ _____ 119
People v. Hanley, 156 Cal. App. 2d 544 149
People v. Harris, 146 Cal. App. 2d 142 203
People v. Harvey, 156 Cal. App, 2d 51G _ --------------------- ________ 31, 110, 203
People v. Hazelip, 166 Cal. App. 2d 240 ________________________________________ 221
People v. Hen Chin, 145 Cal. App. 2d 580 _ 105, 18H
People v. Herman, 163 Cal. App. 2d _________ 13, 10:3, 207
People v. Hickens, 1G5 Cal. App. 2d 364____________ 201
People v. Hickman, 143 Cal. App, 2d 79 120
People v. Hicks, 165 Cal. App. 2d 548_ __ 221
People v. Holguin, 145 Cal. App. 2d 520._ _________________________ 25, 41, 104, 120
People v. Holland, 148 Cal. App. 2tl 933_ __ ------------------------ 11~. 171
Peoplev.Hollins, 173 "\.C.A. 110 140
People v. Hood, 149 Cal. App, 2d 836____________________________ 1G9
Peoplev.Hood, 150 Cal. App. 2d 1li7 106, 109
People v. Houston, 164 Cal. App, 2d 171, 19~
People v. Howard, 166 Cal. App. 2d 638_ ________________________________ 93, 173, 189
People v. Howard, 173 A.C.A. 903 ____ 104
People v. Hudak, 149 Cal. App, 2d 88__________ S~, 119, 211
People v. Hupp, 61 Cal. App. 2d 447 _______________ 37, 109
People v. Hyde, 51 Cal. 2d 152 ____ _ ___________ ___________ 229
People v. 53 A.C. 4US (Calif. Supreme Court, Crim. 6564, Jan.
___________________ 13, 35, 37, 39, 159
People v. Ingle, 173 A.C.A. 670__ 65
People v. Jablon, 153 Cal. App. 2d 456_____________________ _ 194
People v. Jackson, 164 Cal. App. 2d 759 .. _______ ;;o, 157
People v . .Jager, H5 Cal. 2d 7)!2_ _______________________________ 111, 175,187,219,229
People v. Jaquish, 170 Cal. 2d 376_____ 229
People v . .Jaurequi, 142 Cal. 2d 555________ _ 29, 35, 37, 39, 59, 85, 171, 189, 225
People v. Jennings, 142 Cal. App. 2d 160--------------------------
People v. ;Jiminez, 143 Cal. App. 2d G7L _________________________ _
People v. Johnson, 139 Cal. App. 2d 663_
People v . .Johnson, 153 Cal. App, 2d 870 _______ _
People v. Johnson, 155 Cal. App. 2d 369 ..
People v . .Johnson, 157 Cal. App. 2d 555-.. ------------------_____ 42, 103, 105,
People v. Justice, 167 Cal. App. 2d 616 ____ --------------·---------·-·--------------
People v. Kelsey, 140 Cal. App. 2d 722_ ____________________________________ __
People v. Kilvington, 104 Cal.
People v. King, 140 Cal. App. 2d 1_ ______________________________ 35, 89,
Peoplev. King, 175 A.C.A. 415
People v. Kitchens, 46 Cal. 2d 260 ______________________________ 25, 47, 65, 79, 229
People v. Kostal, 159 Cal. App. 2d 454----------------------------------------- 251
People v. Lawrence, 14~ Cal. App, 2d 435 ------------- ___ -----·----120, 187, 19 5
People v. Lawton, 150 Cal. 2d 120, 199
People v. Le Doux, 1U5 Cal. 13
9
TABLE OF AUTHORITIES CITED-Continued
CASES-Continued
People v. Lepur, 175 A.C.A.
J 'eovle v. Lewis, 132 Cal. App. 2d 82L. ______________ -----------67, 71, 151,
Peovle v. Littlejohn, 148 Cal. App. 2d 78L-------------------------------41,
People v. Lopez, 169 Cal. App. 2d 344_ _________________________________________ 119,
People v. Lujan, 141 Cal. App. 2d 143_ _____________________________ 141, 177, 193
People v. Luna, 155 Cal. App. 2d 493______ 78, 159
People v. Lundy, 151 Cal. App. 2d 244_ ________________________________________ 133
People v. ?\lcCarty, 164 Cal. App. 2d 322 ____________________________________ 21, 223
People v. ?\IcFarran, 155 Cal. App. 2d 383_ ________________________ 69, 150, 189, 194, 233
People v. McMurray, 171 A.C.A. 194_ ____________________________________ 53, 123, 140
People v. McShann, 50 Cal. 2d 8Q2.. ________________________________________ l29, 187
People v. Mackenzie, 144 Cal. 2d 100 _____________________________________ 187
People v. Maddox, 46 Cal. 2d 78, 205, 211, 229
People v. Malone, 173 A.C.A. 37, 38, 229
People v. Malotte, 46 Cal. 2d 187
People v. "\1ann, 148 Cal. App. 2d 85L ________________________________________ 229
People v. Marquez, lGO CaL App, 2d 362 _______________________________________ 127
People v. Martin, 45 CaL 2d 755 ____________________ 27, 89, 159, 165, 171, 189, 213, 219
People v. :\lartin, 46 Cal. 2d 106 ___________________________________________ 33, 51, 73, 149
People v. Martinez, 130 Cal. App. 2d 54_ ________________________ ---------------- 192
Peovle v. Martinez, 169 CaL App. 2d 242 ____________________________________ 78, 229
People v. Mast, 155 Cal. App. 2d 379_ ___________________________________________ 127
People v. Mateo, 171 A.C.A. 917----------------------------------------35, 155, 159
People v. ).\layen, 188 Cal. 2:l7 13
l 'eople v. Mays, 17 4 A.C.A. 505_ ------------------------------------------------- 137
People v. Melody, H4 Cal. App. 2d 167, 170, 177
People v ..M endoza, 145 Cal. App. 2d 279_ _________________________ 27, 83, 157, 171
People v. :1\Ierino, 151 CaL 2d 594___________________________ 77, 113, 163
People v. Michael, 45 CaL 125, 167, 171
People v. Miller, 143 CaL App. 2d 119, 211
People v. Mills, 148 Cal. App. 2d 392____________________________ 161, 235
l'eople v. l\lisquez, 152 Cal. App. 2d 47L _________________________________________ 17 5
People v. Molarius, 146 Cal. App. 2d 129----------------------------59, 69, 149, 151, 137
People v. Montes, 146 CaL 2d u30 ______________________ 81, 103, 106, 197, 199, 201
People v. Montez, 173 A.C.A. 133
People v. Moore, 140 CaL App. 2d 189, 217
People v. Moore, 141 Cal. App. 2d 87-________________________________ 35, 153
People v. Moore, 154 Cal. App. 2d 125
People v. Morgan, 146 Cal. App. 2d 184
People v ..M orris, 157 CaL App. 2d 217
People v. Muniz, 172 A.C.A. 826 157
People v. Murphy, 173 A.C.A. 412_______ __ ____________________ 30, 35, 37, 157, 189
People v. Nagle, 25 CaL 2d 216 ____________________ -------------------------------- 35
People v. Nelson, 171 A.C.A. 3 73 ____________________ ------------------------------- 17
People v. Olson, 166 CaL App. 2d 170
People v. One 1949 Plymouth Sedan, 148 CaL App. 2d 120
People v. One 1956 Porsche Convertible, 17 5 A.C.A. 229
People v. Ortiz, 147 Cal. App. 2d
People v. Paul, 14 7 Cal. App. 2d 609.. __ _
People v. Penson, 148 Cal. App. 2d 537 ______ __
People v. Pettyjohn, 172 A.C.A. 214-------
People v. Phillips, 163 Cal. 2d 54L ... _
People v. Poole, 17 4 A.C.A.
People v. Potter, 144 Cal.
People v. Preston, 160 Cal.
People v. Prewitt, 52 A.C.
People v. Ramsey, 157 CaL App. 2d 178.. ..
People v. Richardson, 51 CaL 2d
People v. Hios, 46 Cal. 2d 297--------------------------------39, 57, 85,
People v. Hiser, 47 CaL 2d 566_ __________ _
People v. Hixner, 157 CaL App. 2d
People v. Hobarge, 151 CaL App. 2d 660 ____ _
People v. Hoberts, 47 Cal. 2d 374 _________________________ 157, 167,176,
People v. Robinson, 149 Cal. App. 2d 342..____ 17!!
People v. Hobinson, 166 CaL App. 2d 230
People v. Hodriguez, 140 Cal. App. 2d 865_____ 159
10