Pro-Social and Anti-Social Behaviour (Routledge Modular Psychology)

185 Pages·2003·1.43 MB·English

by  David Clarke

Pro-Social and Anti-Social Behaviour
This book describes the nature and causes of pro-social and anti-
social behaviour. It is an introductory level text aimed at students
new to this area of Social Psychology. Topics covered include
social psychological theories of aggression, altruism and
bystander behaviour, and media influences on pro-social and
anti-social behaviour. Each section includes information on
research carried out in these areas of study.
David Clarke teaches A level psychology and is an A level
examiner. Since 1993 he has been a principal examiner for the
OCR examining board.
Routledge Modular Psychology
Series editors: Cara Flanagan is a Reviser for AS and A2 level
Psychology and an experienced teacher and examiner. Philip
Banyard is Associate Senior Lecturer in Psychology at
Nottingham Trent University and a Chief Examiner for AS and A2
level Psychology. Both are experienced writers.
The Routledge Modular Psychology series is a completely new
approach to introductory-level psychology, tailor-made to the
new modular style of teaching. Each short book covers a topic in
more detail than any large textbook can, allowing teacher and
student to select material exactly to suit any particular course or
project.
The books have been written especially for those students new
to higher-level study, whether at school, college or university.
They include specially designed features to help with technique,
such as a model essay at an average level with an examiners
comments to show how extra marks can be gained. The authors
are all examiners and teachers at the introductory level.
The Routledge Modular Psychology texts are all user-friendly and
accessible and use the following features:
• practice essays with specialist commentary to show how to
achieve a higher grade
• chapter summaries to assist with revision
• progress and review exercises
• glossary of key terms
• summaries of key research
• further reading to stimulate ongoing study and research
• cross-referencing to other books in the series
For more details on our AS, A2 and Routledge Modular Psychology
publications visit our website at www.a-levelpsychology.co.uk
Also available in this series (titles listed by syllabus section):
ATYPICAL DEVELOPMENT AND ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR
Psychopathology
John D.Stirling and Jonathan S.E.Hellewell
Therapeutic Approaches in Psychology
Susan Cave
Classification and Diagnosis of Abnormal Psychology
Susan Cave
BIO-PSYCHOLOGY
Cortical Functions
John Stirling
The Physiological Basis of Behaviour: Neural and hormonal
processes
Kevin Silber
Awareness: Biorhythms, sleep and dreaming
Evie Bentley
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Memory and Forgetting
John Henderson
Perception: Theory, development and organisation
Paul Rookes and Jane Willson
Attention and Pattern Recognition
Nick Lund
Language and Thought
Nick Lund
DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
Early Socialisation: Sociability and attachment
Cara Flanagan
Social and Personality Development
Tina Abbott
PERSPECTIVES AND RESEARCH
Controversies in Psychology
Philip Banyard
Ethical Issues and Guidelines in Psychology
Cara Flanagan and Philip Banyard (forthcoming)
iv
Introducing Research and Data in Psychology: A guide to methods
and analysis
Ann Searle
Theoretical Approaches in Psychology
Matt Jarvis
Debates in Psychology
Andy Bell
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Social Influences
Kevin Wren
Interpersonal Relationships
Diana Dwyer
Social Cognition
Donald C.Pennington
COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Determinants of Animal Behaviour
JoAnne Cartwright
Evolutionary Explanations of Human Behaviour
John Cartwright
Animal Cognition
Nick Lund
OTHER TITLES
Sport Psychology
Matt Jarvis
Health Psychology
Anthony Curtis
Psychology and Work
Christine Hodson
Psychology and Education
Susan Bentham
Psychology and Crime
David Putwain and Aidan Sammons
STUDY GUIDE
Exam Success in AQA(A) Psychology
Paul Humphreys (forthcoming)
To Victoria, Rachael and James without
whose
help this book, and most other things in my
life, would have been impossible to achieve.
Pro-Social andAnti-
Social Behaviour
David Clarke
LONDON AND NEW YORK
First published 2003
by Routledge
27 Church Road, Hove, East Sussex BN3 2FA
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
29 West 35th Street, New York NY 10001
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.
“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”
© 2003 David Clarke
Paperback cover design by Anú Design
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted
or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical,
or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Clarke, David, 1958–
Pro-social and anti-social behaviour/David Clarke.
p. cm.—(Routledge modular psychology)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-415-22760-7 (hbk)—ISBN 0-415-22761-5 (pbk.)
1. Interpersonal relations. 2. Interpersonal conflict. 3. Social
psychology. 4. Human behavior. I. Title. II. Series.
HM1106.C49 2003
302–dc21
2003000279
ISBN 0-203-41411-X Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 0-203-41433-0 (Adobe eReader Format)
ISBN 0-415-22760-7 (hbk)
ISBN 0-415-22761-5 (pbk)
Contents
List of illustrations xv
Acknowledgements xvii
1 Introducing pro-social and anti-social 1
behaviour
Introducing pro-social behaviour 2
Real-life examples 3
Why help others? 4
The Kitty Genovese tragedy 5
Defining pro-social behaviour 5
Introducing anti-social behaviour 7
Hostile and instrumental aggression 7
Anti-social aggression 8
Pro-social aggression 10
Sanctioned aggression 10
Psychological approaches to pro-social 11
behaviour
Psychological approaches to anti-social 11
behaviour
Section I PRO-SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR 14
2 Traditional explanations of pro-social 15
behaviour
ix
Biological explanations 15
Natural selection 15
Reciprocal altruism 16
Kin selection 16
Genetic determinism 16
Learning explanations 18
Learning theory 18
Age differences and helping 20
Summary 21
3 Social-psychological explanations of pro- 23
social behaviour
Norm theories 23
Reciprocity norm 24
Social responsibility norm 26
Personalised norms 26
Empathy and arousal in pro-social behaviour 28
Introduction 29
The negative-state relief model 30
The empathy-altruism model 32
The empathic-joy hypothesis 33
Empathic joy in children 35
Cognitive explanations of pro-social 35
behaviour
The Latané and Darley cognitive model 36
Attributions and helping 39
Cost-benefit analysis 39
Summary 42