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Pro Android Web Game Apps Using HTML5, CSS3, and JavaScript Juriy Bura Pro Android Web Game Apps: Using HTML5, CSS3, and JavaScript Copyright © 2012 by Juriy Bura and Paul Coates All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher. ISBN 978-1-4302-3819-5 ISBN 978-1-4302-3820-1 (eBook) Trademarked names, logos, and images may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, logo, or image we use the names, logos, and images only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. The images of the Android Robot (011 Android Robot) are reproduced from work created and shared by Google and used according to terms described in the Creative Commons 3.0 Attribution License. Android and all Android-and Google-based marks are trademarks or registered trademarks of Google, Inc., in the U.S. and other countries. Apress Media, L.L.c. is not affiliated with Google, Inc., and this book was written without endorsement from Google, Inc. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. President and Publisher: Paul Manning Lead Editor: Chris Nelson Technical Reviewer: Charles Cruz Editorial Board: Steve Anglin, Mark Beckner, Ewan Buckingham, Gary Cornell, Jonathan Gennick, Jonathan Hassell, Michelle Lowman, James Markham, Matthew Moodie, Jeff Olson, Jeffrey Pepper, Douglas Pundick, Ben Renow-Clarke, Dominic Shakeshaft, Matt Wade, Tom Welsh Coordinating Editor: Brigid Duffy Copy Editor: Kimberly Burton Compositor: Bytheway Publishing Services Indexer: SPi Global Artist: SPi Global Cover Art By: Sergey Lesiuk Cover Designer: Anna Ishchenko Distributed to the book trade worldwide by Springer Science+ Business Media, LLC., 233 Spring Street, 6th Floor, New York, NY 10013. Phone 1-800-SPRINGER, fax (201) 348-4505, e-mail orders-ny@springer- sbm. com, or visit www.springeronline.com. For information on translations, please e-mail [email protected], or visit www.apress.com. Apress and friends of ED books may be purchased in bulk for academic, corporate, or promotional use. eBook versions and licenses are also available for most titles. For more information, reference our Special Bulk Sales-eBook Licensing web page at www.apress.com/bulk -sales. The information in this book is distributed on an "as is" basis, without warranty. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this work, neither the author(s) nor Apress shall have any liability to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the information contained in this work. The source code for this book is available to readers at www.apress.com. You will need to answer questions pertaining to this book in order to successfully download the code. ii To Elena and Alysa iii ------ Contents at a Glance II About the Authors •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••............................. xiii Acknowledgments ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• xiv Introduction ............................................•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• xv Section I: 20 Worlds ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Chapter 1: Getting Started •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1 Chapter 2: Graphics in the Browser: The Canvas Element ............................ 41 Chapter 3: Creating the First Game •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 89 II Chapter 4: Animation and Sprites ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 123 Chapter 5: Event Handling and User Input .................................................. 173 Chapter 6: Rendering Virtual Worlds •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 217 Chapter 7: Making an Isometric Engine ..................................................... 255 Section II: 3D Worlds •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Chapter 8: 3D in a Browser ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 333 Chapter 9: Using WebGL •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 357 Section III: Connecting Worlds •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Chapter 10: Going Server-Side ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 397 Chapter 11: Talking to the Server ............................................................... 449 Chapter 12: The Anatomy of a Network Game ............................................ 477 Section IV: Improving Worlds ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Chapter 13: AI in Games ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 513 Chapter 14: JavaScript Game Engines ........................................................ 541 Chapter 15: Building Native Applications ................................................... 565 Chapter 16: Adding Sound •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 599 Appendix: Debugging Client-side JavaScript ............................................. 615 Index ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 629 iv ------- Contents About the Authors ........................................................................................ xiii Acknowledgments ....................................................................................... xiv Introduction .................................................................................................. xv Section I: 20 Worlds ......................................................................................... Chapter 1: Getting Started .............................................................................. 1 Tools ...............................................................................................................................2 What We'll Need ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 Java Development Kit ............................................................................................................................................. 6 Integrated Development Environment .................................................................................................................... 7 Web Server ........................................................................................................................................................... 14 The Android SDK and Emulator ............................................................................................................................ 17 Techniques ...................................................................................................................2 2 The Code ............................................................................................................................................................... 22 Object-Oriented Programming .............................................................................................................................. 28 A Word About Mobile Browsers ............................................................................................................................ 38 Summary ......................................................................................................................3 9 Chapter 2: Graphics in the Browser: The Canvas Element ............................ 41 The Anatomy of the Game ............................................................................................4 2 Drawing Inside the Browser ......................................................................................... 43 The Basic HTML Setup .................................................................................................4 4 What Is Canvas? ..........................................................................................................4 5 The Context. .......................................................................................................................................................... 47 The Coordinate System ........................................................................................................................................ 48 Drawing Shapes ...........................................................................................................5 2 Rectangles ............................................................................................................................................................ 52 Paths ..................................................................................................................................................................... 55 Subpaths .............................................................................................................................................................. 65 v CONTENTS Strokes and Fills ..........................................................................................................6 6 Solid Colors ........................................................................................................................................................... 66 Gradients .............................................................................................................................................................. 67 Patterns ................................................................................................................................................................7 2 Context State and Transformations ............................................................................. 75 Translate ...............................................................................................................................................................7 6 Scale .....................................................................................................................................................................7 7 Rotate ...................................................................................................................................................................7 9 Stacking Transformations .................................................................................................................................... 80 Context State ........................................................................................................................................................ 81 Context Transformations in the Sample Project ................................................................................................... 82 The Sample Game Project Result. ................................................................................ 84 Summary ......................................................................................................................8 8 Chapter 3: Creating the First Game .............................................................. 89 HTML5 Game Skeleton .................................................................................................9 0 The Standard Skeleton ......................................................................................................................................... 91 Forced Orientation ................................................................................................................................................ 95 Game Architecture .......................................................................................................9 8 Making the Game .......................................................................................................1 01 Rendering the Board ........................................................................................................................................... 101 Game State and Logic ......................................................................................................................................... 108 Wiring Components Together: The Game Class ................................................................................................. 115 Adding the Game to the HTML Skeleton ............................................................................................................. 118 Summary ....................................................................................................................1 20 Chapter 4: Animation and Sprites ............................................................... 123 Sprites ........................................................................................................................1 24 Loading Images .................................................................................................................................................. 126 Drawing an Image .............................................................................................................................................. 139 Sprite Sheets ...................................................................................................................................................... 144 Basics of Animation ................................................................................................... 148 The Simplest Animation ...................................................................................................................................... 148 JavaScript Threading Model ............................................................................................................................... 150 Timers ................................................................................................................................................................. 152 Improving Animation .......................................................................................................................................... 156 Summary ....................................................................................................................1 72 Chapter 5: Event Handling and User Input .................................................. 173 Browser Events ..........................................................................................................1 74 Desktop Browser vs. Android Browser Input ...................................................................................................... 174 Using Events to Catch User Input ....................................................................................................................... 176 Getting More from Events ................................................................................................................................... 180 vi CONTENTS Handling the Differences Between Touch and Mouse Interfaces ....................................................................... 182 Custom Events ...........................................................................................................1 87 Custom Event Listeners and Emitters ........................................................................ 188 EventEmitter: The Base Class ............................................................................................................................. 188 Events vs. Callbacks ........................................................................................................................................... 191 Custom Events ...........................................................................................................1 93 Implementing InputHandlerBase ........................................................................................................................ 196 Creating MouselnputHandler .............................................................................................................................. 200 Creating TouchlnputHandler ............................................................................................................................... 203 Advanced Input ..........................................................................................................2 05 Drag-and-Drop .................................................................................................................................................... 205 Pixel-Perfect Picking and Image Masks ............................................................................................................. 206 Composite Operations ........................................................................................................................................ 208 Simulating Joystick ....................................................................................................2 13 Summary ....................................................................................................................2 16 Chapter 6: Rendering Virtual Worlds .......................................................... 217 Tile Maps ....................................................................................................................2 18 The Idea Behind Tile Maps ................................................................................................................................. 218 Implementing a Tile Map .................................................................................................................................... 220 Measuring FPS ................................................................................................................................................... 226 Optimizing Rendering Performance ........................................................................... 228 Draw Only What Is Required ............................................................................................................................... 228 Offscreen Buffer ................................................................................................................................................. 231 Caching the Area Around the Viewport. .............................................................................................................. 235 World Objects .............................................................................................................2 40 Coordinate Systems ............................................................................................................................................ 240 Implementing WorldObjectRenderer .................................................................................................................. 242 Rendering Order ................................................................................................................................................. 245 Optimizations ...................................................................................................................................................... 247 Isometric View ...........................................................................................................2 50 Summary ....................................................................................................................2 53 Chapter 7: Making an Isometric Engine ..................................................... 255 Setup ..........................................................................................................................2 57 The Plan .............................................................................................................................................................. 257 Preparing the Workspace ................................................................................................................................... 259 Basic Code .......................................................................................................................................................... 260 Utilities ................................................................................................................................................................ 263 Isometric Terrain ........................................................................................................2 71 Coordinate Systems ............................................................................................................................................ 271 Rendering Tiles ................................................................................................................................................... 272 vii CONTENTS Implementing IsometricTileLayer ....................................................................................................................... 277 Rendering Objects ......................................................................................................2 87 Implementing Object Clusters ............................................................................................................................ 291 Object Cache ...................................................................................................................................................... 294 Handling Movement ............................................................................................................................................ 298 Composite Objects .............................................................................................................................................. 300 Object Layer: Next Steps .................................................................................................................................... 302 Dirty Rectangles .........................................................................................................3 03 How It Works ...................................................................................................................................................... 304 Implementation ................................................................................................................................................... 306 Integrating with Layers ....................................................................................................................................... 310 Marking Dirty Rectangles ................................................................................................................................... 315 UI and Layer Manager ................................................................................................3 17 Layer Manager .................................................................................................................................................... 317 UI ........................................................................................................................................................................ 320 Interaction ..................................................................................................................3 24 Event Propagation and Handling ........................................................................................................................ 325 Stopping the Propagation ................................................................................................................................... 329 Summary ....................................................................................................................3 31 Section II: 3D Worlds ........................................................................................ Chapter 8: 3D in a Browser ......................................................................... 333 Introducing 3D Rendering ..........................................................................................3 34 How 3D Rendering Works ..........................................................................................3 35 The Math ............................................................................................................................................................. 335 A 3D Example ..................................................................................................................................................... 336 The Hello World 3D Engine .........................................................................................3 38 Model and Scene ................................................................................................................................................ 339 Rendering ........................................................................................................................................................... 341 Summary ....................................................................................................................3 56 Chapter 9: Using WebGL .............................................................................. 357 Basics of WebGL ........................................................................................................3 58 Initializing WebGL ............................................................................................................................................... 358 Geometry ............................................................................................................................................................ 360 OpenGL ES 2.0 Rendering Pipeline ..................................................................................................................... 363 Using Buffers ...................................................................................................................................................... 365 Shaders and GLSL .............................................................................................................................................. 366 Basic Example: Render a 3D Cube .............................................................................3 73 Using Shaders in a Web Page ............................................................................................................................. 373 Rendering Hello World ........................................................................................................................................ 375 Exploring WebGL ........................................................................................................3 80 viii CONTENTS Color ................................................................................................................................................................... 381 Textures .............................................................................................................................................................. 386 Loading Models .................................................................................................................................................. 391 Summary ....................................................................................................................3 94 Section III: Connecting Worlds .......................................................................... Chapter 10: Going Server-Side ................................................................... 397 Node.js Basics ............................................................................................................3 99 Introducing Node.js ............................................................................................................................................ 399 Programming Model ........................................................................................................................................... 400 Installing Node.js ................................................................................................................................................ 403 Debugging Node Scripts ..................................................................................................................................... 404 Writing Scripts for Node.js .........................................................................................4 07 Exceptions and Stack Traces ............................................................................................................................. 407 Global Namespace and Node Modules ............................................................................................................... 408 Writing the First Module ..................................................................................................................................... 412 Discovering Modules .......................................................................................................................................... 415 Using NPM .......................................................................................................................................................... 417 Getting Real: Building a Server for the Game ............................................................. 420 Web Development Frameworks for Node ........................................................................................................... 420 Basic Output ....................................................................................................................................................... 421 Rendering Web Pages ........................................................................................................................................ 425 Parsing User Input .............................................................................................................................................. 431 Working with Sessions ....................................................................................................................................... 433 Understanding Middleware ........................................................................................4 34 Housekeeping ............................................................................................................4 37 Reporting Errors ................................................................................................................................................. 437 Logging ............................................................................................................................................................... 442 Server Configurations ......................................................................................................................................... 444 Summary ....................................................................................................................4 47 Chapter 11: Talking to the Server ............................................................... 449 The Evolution of Networking in Browsers .................................................................. 450 Server Setup ..............................................................................................................4 53 Using XMLHttpRequest API for Basic HTTP Requests ............................................... 453 HTIP Request with Plain Old XHR ....................................................................................................................... 454 Handling Errors with XHR ................................................................................................................................... 456 XMLHttpRequest Level 2 .................................................................................................................................... 458 Working with Binary Data ................................................................................................................................... 459 Reverse Ajax ..............................................................................................................4 61 The Problem ....................................................................................................................................................... 462 The Solutions ...................................................................................................................................................... 462 ix

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Dive into game development and create great multiplayer online games with Pro Android Web Game Apps. This hands-on guide covers both the theory and practice of browser game development for the Android platform. Youll use cutting-edge technologies to make game engines in your browser, establish real-
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