Private Foundations and Development Partnerships: American Philanthropy and Global Development Agendas

198 Pages·2014·1.63 MB·English

by  Michael Moran

Private Foundations and
Development Partnerships
ThisbookexplorestheinfluenceofprivateUSphilanthropicfoundationsinthe
governance of global problems. Through a close scrutiny of four high-profile
case studies of public-private collaboration, the work addresses the vacuum
present in global governance scholarship regarding the influence of founda-
tions, arguing the influence of these actors extends beyond the basic material,
andintothemoresubtleandcomplexideationalsphereofpolicyandgovernance.
This book:
(cid:1) charts the growth of private forms of governance and foundations’role in
deepeningandextending privatepoweringlobalpolitics;
(cid:1) provides an historical examination of private foundations in international
affairs, including their centrality in the development of the institutional
architectureininternationalhealth andagricultureandthe linkagebackto
domesticpolitical systems;
(cid:1) analyzesnewmodesofphilanthropyandgivingstyles—particularlyventure
philanthropy and “philanthrocapitalism”—and how these are being
rearticulatedintheaidarchitectureandindevelopment discourses;
(cid:1) evaluates distinctive features and unique attributes offoundations as trans-
national actors (including their limitations)—how they use these attributes
when exercising policy influence, and how they negotiate and collaborate
withotherstateandnon-stateactorsinglobal governance;and
(cid:1) provides an introduction to three prominent foundations—Gates, Rock-
efeller, and the Acumen Fund—and four key partnerships—IAVI, GAVI,
AGRA,andAtoZTextileMills.
This work will be of great interest to students and scholars of international
organizations,internationalpolitical economy,anddevelopment studies.
Michael Moran is a Research Fellow in the Asia-Pacific Centre for Social
InvestmentandPhilanthropyatSwinburneUniversityofTechnology,Australia.
Routledge Global Institutions Series
Edited by Thomas G. Weiss
The CUNY Graduate Center, New York, USA
and Rorden Wilkinson
University of Manchester, UK
About the series
The Global Institutions Series has two “streams.” Thosewith blue covers
offer comprehensive, accessible, and informative guides to the history,
structure, and activities of key international organizations, and intro-
ductions to topics of key importance in contemporaryglobal governance.
Recognized experts use a similar structure to address the general pur-
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developments, membership, structure, decision-making procedures, key
functions, and an annotated bibliography and guide to electronic sources.
Those with red covers consist of research monographs and edited col-
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ance; they reflect a wide variety of intellectual orientations, theoretical
persuasions, and methodological approaches. Together the two streams
provideacoherentandcomplementaryportraitoftheproblems,prospects,
and possibilities confronting global institutions today.
Related titles in the series include:
The International Organization for Standardization (2009)
by Craig N. Murphy and JoAnne Yates
Non-Governmental Organizations in World Politics (2011)
by Peter Willetts
Global Think Tanks (2011)
by James G. McGann with Richard Sabatini
Corporate Social Responsibility (2013)
by Oliver F. Williams
The Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication
(SWIFT) (2014 forthcoming)
by Susan Scott and Marcos Zachariadis
The UN Global Compact (forthcoming)
by Catia Gregoratti
Private Foundations and
Development Partnerships
American philanthropy and global
development agendas
Michael Moran
I
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Summary:"Privatefoundationsanddevelopmentpartnerships,
Americanphilanthropyandglobaldevelopmentagendas"–
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Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
1.Economicassistance,American.2.Charities–Politicalaspects.
3.Globalgovernance.I.Title.
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ISBN:978-0-415-69560-2(hbk)
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Contents
Foreword vi
Acknowledgments ix
List of abbreviations xi
Introduction 1
1 The philanthrocapitalist turn: implications for the aid
architecture 22
2 Private foundations and global health partnership formation:
the Rockefeller Foundation and the International AIDS
Vaccine Initiative 43
3 Neworgans of global health governance: the Bill & Melinda
Gates Foundation and the GAVI Alliance 64
4 Private foundations and agricultural development policy:
Rockefeller, Gates, and the Alliance for a Green Revolution
in Africa 89
5 The new venture foundations: sectoral “blending” in
international development cooperation 114
6 Private foundations and global governance: current influence,
future directions 135
Select bibliography 160
Index 162
Global Institutions Series 173
Foreword
Thecurrentvolumeistheeighty-firsttitleinadynamicseriesonglobal
institutions. These books provide readers with definitive guides to the
most visible aspects of what manyof us know as “global governance.”
Remarkable as it may seem, there exist relatively few books that offer
in-depth treatments of prominent global bodies, processes, and asso-
ciated issues, much less an entire series of concise and complementary
volumes. Those that do exist are either out of date, inaccessible to the
non-specialist reader, or seek to develop a specialized understanding of
particular aspects of an institution or process rather than offer an
overall account of its functioning and situate it within the increasingly
dense global institutional network. Likewise, existing books have
often been written in highly technical language or have been crafted
“in-house” and are notoriously self-serving and narrow.
Theadventofelectronicmediahasundoubtedlyhelpedresearchand
teaching by making data and primary documents of international
organizations more widely available, but it has complicated matters as
well. The growing reliance on the Internet and other electronic
methods of finding information about key international organizations
and processes has served, ironically, to limit the educational and ana-
lytical materials to which most readers have ready access—namely,
books. Public relations documents, raw data, and loosely refereed
websites do not make for intelligent analysis. Official publications
compete with a vast amount of electronically available information,
much of which is suspect because of its ideological or self-promoting
slant. Paradoxically, a growing range of purportedly independent web-
sites offering analyses of the activities of particular organizations has
emerged, but one inadvertent consequence has been to frustrate access
to basic, authoritative, readable, critical, andwell-researched texts. The
market for such has actually been reduced by the ready availability of
varying quality electronic materials.
Foreword vii
Forthoseofuswhoteach,research,andoperateinthearea,suchaccess
to information and analyses has been frustrating. We were delighted
severalyearsagowhenRoutledgesawthevalueofaseriesthatbucksthis
trend and provides key reference points to the most significant global
institutions and issues. They were betting that serious students and
professionalswouldwantseriousanalyses,andtheywereright.Wehave
assembled a first-rate team of authors to address that market, and the
titles—in print and electronic form—are selling well. Our intention
remains to provide one-stop shopping for all readers—students (both
undergraduate and postgraduate), negotiators, diplomats, practitioners
from nongovernmental and intergovernmental organizations, and inter-
ested parties alike—seeking insights into the most prominent institutional
aspects of global governance.
Private Foundations and Development Partnerships
Privatefoundationsconstituteagrowingelementoftheincreasingroleof
non-stateactorsinglobalgovernance.Whileinstitutionalphilanthropic
organizations such as the Rockefeller Foundation and Carnegie Corpora-
tion have been around for over a century, they have received little
attention from international relations scholars. Moreover, their impact on
issues of current global concern, such as development, is little under-
stood. Despite an uptick in scholarly interest during the 1970s, regime
theory and other state-centric approaches to international relations had
littletimeforwhatappearedtobeaminorandnon-stateactor.One of the
major changes has been the significant influence of the Bill & Melinda
GatesFoundation,whichisfinallybeginningtogeneratescholarlyinterest
inthisgenerictypeofactor.Thisisfortunateastheirinfluencein shaping
the international social policies of government and intergovernmental
organization(IO)actorsisgrowing.Infinancialterms,itismoresignificant
than the World Health Organization.1 This volume complements others
in the Global Institutions Series on a host of non-state actors.2
Private Foundations and Development Partnerships touches on all these
issues and more, by exploring the history, international relations theo-
reticalapproaches,andcurrentinfluenceonglobalgovernanceinrelation
toprivatefoundations.Thebookalsoutilizescasestudiesofprominent
foundations to analyze how these organizations interact with and help
inform the international policies of governments and IOs.
Michael Moran has published several book chapters and articles on
the role of private foundations in health and economic policy.3 His
current research explores the role of Australian and US foundations in
avarietyof public policy arenas.
viii Foreword
Wearepleasedtopublishthisbookintheseries,whichshouldbeespe-
cially useful for the classroom as well as to our understanding of non-
state forms of regulation. We wholeheartedly recommend it and, as
always, welcome comments from our readers.
Thomas G. Weiss, The CUNYGraduate Center, New York, USA
Rorden Wilkinson, Universityof Manchester, UK
July 2013
Notes
1 Kelley Lee,TheWorldHealthOrganization(London: Routledge,2009).
2 Craig N. Murphy and JoAnne Yates, The International Organization for
Standardization: Global Governance through Voluntary Consensus (2009);
Peter Willetts, Non-Governmental Organizations in World Politics: The
ConstructionofGlobalGovernance(2011);JamesG.McGannwithRichard
Sabatini, Global Think Tanks: Policy Networks and Governance (2011);
OliverF.Williams,CorporateSocialResponsibility:TheRoleofBusinessin
Sustainable Development(2013); Susan Scott andMarcosZachariadis, The
Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT)
(2014); andCatiaGregoratti, TheUNGlobalCompact(forthcoming).
3 See,forexample,MichaelMoran,“PrivateFoundationsandGlobalHealth
Partnerships: Philanthropists and ‘Partnership Brokerage’,” in Partnerships
and Foundations in Global Health Governance, ed. Owain Williams and
SimonRushton(Basingstoke:PalgraveMacmillan,2011),123–42,andwith
Nicola Brackertz, “Barriers to Innovation and Investment in the Social
Economy: Retrofitting for Environmental Sustainability in Australian
CommunityHousing,”ThirdSectorReview 16,no.2(2010):49–72.
Acknowledgments
While any errors are, of course, my own, numerous people assisted
through the course of the development of this book.
A special thanks to Rorden Wilkinson and Thomas Weiss for
accordingmetheopportunitytopublishintheGlobalInstitutionsSeries,a
series I have long admired for its clarity of style and of purpose.
Thanks to the interviewees at the various international organiza-
tions, partnerships, and foundations, who, despite more pressing issues
with which to contend, provided scarce time and crucial insights.
Thanks go to the participants of the conferences and workshops at
which I presented various iterations of the case studies. They greatly
assisted in shaping and refining my ideas.
Over the course of the past year or so colleagues at the Asia-Pacific
Centre for Social Investment and Philanthropy have also been of sup-
port, according the necessary freedom as well as encouragement to
fulfill my existing obligations.
Particularthanks(inalphabeticalorder)tocolleaguesfromSwinburne
and elsewhere, including Christopher Baker, Liz Branigan, Linsey
McGoey,TomDavis, John Fitzgerald, Jenny Lewis, Michael Liffman,
Garrett Brown, Inderjeet Parmar, Simon Rushton, Michael Stevenson,
Diane Stone and Owain Williams.
Most importantly, I extend my thanks to my family and friends. My
fatherJohnMoran,has,over manyyears,providedtireless proofing,as
wellascrucialmoralsupport.Specialthanks(aswellasapologies)tomy
wife Charlotte.
Lastly this book is dedicated to the legacy of Dr Helen Moran—
without her none of this would have been possible—and also the next
generation, my young son Jack.
Sections of Chapter 2 have been reproduced with permission from
Sandra J. Maclean, Sherri A. Brown and Pieter Fourie, Health for
Some:ThePoliticalEconomyofGlobalHealthGovernance(NewYork: