Table Of ContentPerspectives on Rethinking and Reforming Education
Haitao Zhou
Qiang Liu
Jing Tian
Qian Li
Private Education
in China
Achievement and Challenge
Perspectives on Rethinking and Reforming
Education
Series editors
Zhongying Shi, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
Shengquan Yu, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
Thisbookseriesbringstogetherthelatestinsightsandworkregardingthefutureof
educationfromagroup ofhighlyregardedscholarsaround theworld.It isthefirst
collection of interpretations from around the globe and contributes to the
interdisciplinary and international discussions on possible future demands on our
educationsystem.It servesasaglobalforumfor scholarly andprofessionaldebate
on all aspects of future education. The book series proposes a total rethinking of
how the whole education process can be reformed and restructured, including the
main drivers and principles for reinventing schools in the global knowledge
economy, models for designing smart learning environments at the institutional
level,anewpedagogyandrelatedcurriculumsforthe21stcentury,thetransitionto
digital and situated learning resources, open educational resources and MOOCs,
new approaches to cognition and neuroscience as well as the disruption of
education sectors. The series provides an opportunity to publish reviews, issues of
general significance to theory development, empirical data-intensive research and
critical analysis innovationineducationalpractice. Itprovidesaglobal perspective
on the strengths and weaknesses inherent in the implementation of certain
approaches to the future of education. It not only publishes empirical studies but
also stimulates theoretical discussions and addresses practical implications. The
volumesinthisseriesareinterdisciplinaryinorientation,andprovideamultiplicity
of theoretical and practical perspectives. Each volume is dedicated to a specific
theme in education and innovation, examining areas that are at the cutting edge
of the field and are groundbreaking in nature. Written in an accessible style, this
book series will appeal to researchers, policy-makers, scholars, professionals and
practitioners working in the field of education.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/14177
Haitao Zhou Qiang Liu
(cid:129)
Jing Tian Qian Li
(cid:129)
Private Education in China
Achievement and Challenge
123
HaitaoZhou Jing Tian
Beijing NormalUniversity HangzhouDianziUniversity
Beijing,China Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
QiangLiu QianLi
Beijing NormalUniversity National Academy of Education
Beijing,China Administration
Beijing,China
ISSN 2366-1658 ISSN 2366-1666 (electronic)
Perspectives onRethinking andReforming Education
ISBN978-981-10-4408-3 ISBN978-981-10-4409-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4409-0
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018947807
©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2018
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar
methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom
therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor
for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to
jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations.
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.
Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:152BeachRoad,#21-01/04GatewayEast,Singapore189721,
Singapore
Acknowledgements
Thecompletionoftheresearchandtheproductionofthisbookhaveemergedfrom
ateameffort.Gratefulappreciationisextendedtoallthosewhohavecontributedto
this book. This research endures for 5 years. We employed site-based research
method. The members collected data from more than 500 private schools in 24
provinces such as Shanghai, Shanxi, Chongqing, Guangdong, Henan, Jilin,
Ningxia, and Jiangsu by site visiting. Focus group interview and one-on-one
interview are adopted in data collection. There are more than 200 interviewees,
which consist of private school’s principals, administrators, organizers, teachers,
andstudents. We collected systematic quantifiable data from 3204 private schools,
21696 private school’s teachers, and 158674 private school’s students. Those
abundantfirsthanddatalaidasolidfoundationforthisresearch.Now,thebookhas
finally been completed.
Therearetoomanypeopleowemygratitude.VeryspecialthankstoProf.Zhong
Binglin. I cannot imagine that our team could complete this book without his
generous guidance and outstanding help. My gratitude also goes to our research
team, and many of them are the young scholars who worked diligently on this
research.TheyareFangFang,GouXiaohui,JingAnlei,Liqian,Liuxia,Luwei,Shi
Shaojie, Zhang Mohan, Zhu Yucheng, Shi Wenmei, Wang Yitao, Yan Liwen,
Zhang Liguo, Ma Yanli, and Tian Jing. They worked tirelessly on every aspect
of the research preparation, data collection, data analysis, and writing.
I acknowledge that without their full support, this research would not have done
under the tight deadline.
My gratitude is extended to the private school’s principals, administrators,
teachers, and students in this research. It is precise because of their selfless help,
and we can collect the data for this research.
Finally, my special thanks go to Faculty of Education of Beijing Normal
University for the funding and Springer Press for the professional guidance in
English publication.
v
vi Acknowledgements
No words can express my sincere appreciation and gratitude to all the contrib-
utors. But I carry on argumentation to Chinese private education certainly, please
correct if there is any deficiency in the passage.
June 2018 Haitao Zhou
Contents
1 Private Education and the Tale of Two Sectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Chinese Philosophy of Private and Private Realms . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Private Education in Pre-modern Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Private Education in Early Modern Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 Private Education in the New China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2 Private Education Development at a Glance Since 2003. . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1 Changes in the Number of Private Schools
from 2003 to 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.1 The Number of Private Colleges/Universities
Nationwide Grows Continuously, and the Proportion
Private Colleges/Universities Rose First and Then
Went Down. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.2 The Number of Private Independent Colleges
Nationwide Increased First and Then Decreased,
and the Proportion of Private Independent Colleges
Fluctuated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.1.3 The Number and Proportion of Private Senior High
Schools Nationwide Showed Wavelike Changes . . . . . . 14
2.1.4 The Number and the Proportion of Private Secondary
Vocational Schools Nationwide First Increased
and Then Decreased. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.5 The Number of Private Junior High Schools Showed
a Fluctuating Trend and the Proportion It Takes
Increased. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1.6 The Number of Private Primary Schools Showed
Wavelike Changes, and the Proportion It Takes
Continued to Rise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
vii
viii Contents
2.1.7 The Number of Private Kindergartens Continued
to Increase, and the Proportion Increased First
and Then Decreased. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2 The Number of Students in Private Colleges/Universities . . . . . . 18
2.2.1 The Number of Students in Private Colleges/
Universities and the Proportion to the Total
College Students Were Growing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2.2 The Number and Proportion of Private Higher
Education Enrollment Nationwide Witnessed
a Wavelike Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2.3 The Number of Private College Graduates Continued
to Grow, and the Proportion in Total Graduates
Nationwide Rose and Fell Alternately . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.3 The Number of Private Senior High School Students
and the Proportion It Takes in Total Senior High School
Students Grew Rapidly, Followed by a Stable Stage. . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3.1 The Number of Students in Private Senior High
Schools Nationwide and the Proportion It Takes
Developed Steadily . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3.2 The Number and Proportion of Enrollment in Private
Senior High Schools Nationwide Kept Stable
Basically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.3.3 The Number and Proportion of Graduates in Private
Senior High Schools Nationwide Had a Fluctuating
Increase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4 The Number and Proportion of Students in Private Secondary
Vocational Schools Increased at First and Then Showed
a Decreasing Trend. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4.1 The Number and Proportion of Students in Private
Secondary Vocational Schools Increased Before
a Decreasing Trend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4.2 The Fluctuation in the Number and Proportion of
Enrollment in Private Secondary Vocational Schools . . . 25
2.4.3 The Number and Proportion of Graduates in Private
Secondary Vocational Schools in China Increased
First and Then Decreased . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.5 The Number and Proportion of Students in Private Junior
High Schools Had a Continuous Rise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.5.1 The Number and Proportion of Students in Private
Junior High Schools Had a Continuous Rise . . . . . . . . . 26
2.5.2 BoththeNumberandtheProportionoftheEnrollment
of Private Junior High Schools Kept Growing . . . . . . . . 28
2.5.3 The Number and Proportion of Graduates from
Private Junior High Schools Kept Growing . . . . . . . . . . 28
Contents ix
2.6 The Number and Proportion of Students in Private Primary
Schools Kept Growing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.6.1 The Number of Students in Private Primary Schools
Kept Growing and so Did the Proportion It Takes
Nationwide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.6.2 The New Student Enrollment of Private Primary
Schools Kept Growing and so Did the Proportion
It Takes Nationwide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.6.3 The Number of Graduates from Private Primary
Schools Kept Growing and so Did the Proportion
It Takes Nationwide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.7 The Number of Students in Private Kindergartens Kept
Growing and so Did the Proportion It Takes Nationwide . . . . . . 30
2.7.1 The Number of Students in Private Kindergartens
Kept Growing Steadily and so Did the Proportion
It Takes Nationwide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.7.2 The Enrollment of Private Kindergartens Kept
Growing Steadily and so Did the Proportion
It Takes Nationwide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.7.3 The Number of Graduates from Private Kindergartens
Kept Growing and so Did the Proportion It Takes
Nationwide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.8 Private School Students During Different Periods by Province/
Autonomous Region/Municipality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.8.1 Private Colleges and Universities and Students
by Province/Autonomous Region/Municipality. . . . . . . . 33
2.8.2 Private Independent Colleges and Students
by Province/Autonomous Region/Municipality. . . . . . . . 33
2.8.3 PrivateSeniorHighSchoolsandStudentsbyProvince/
Autonomous Region/Municipality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.8.4 Private Secondary Vocational Schools
and Students by Province/Autonomous Region/
Municipality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.8.5 PrivateJuniorHighSchoolsandStudentsbyProvince/
Autonomous Region/Municipality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.8.6 Private Primary Schools and Students by Province/
Autonomous Region/Municipality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.8.7 Private Kindergartens and Students by Province/
Autonomous Region/Municipality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.9 Average Private School Scales in Different Education Periods
by Province/Autonomous Region/Municipality (2014) . . . . . . . . 42
2.9.1 Average Private College/University Scales
by Province/Autonomous Region/Municipality. . . . . . . . 42
