Privacy at Risk: The New Government Surveillance and the Fourth Amendment

313 Pages·2007·2.39 MB·English

by  Christopher Slobogin

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Privacy at Risk
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9 Privacy at Risk
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The New Government Surveillance and [-3], (3)
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14 the Fourth Amendment
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christopher slobogin
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35 the university of chicago press chicago and london
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10 christopher sloboginholdstheStephenC.O’ConnellchairattheUniversityofFlorida
11 FredricG.LevinCollegeofLaw.FormuchofthisprojecthewastheEdwinA.Heafey,Jr.
VisitingProfessorofLawatStanfordLawSchool.
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13 TheUniversityofChicagoPress,Chicago60637
14 TheUniversityofChicagoPress,Ltd.,London
©2007byTheUniversityofChicago
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Allrightsreserved.Published2007 Lines: 40 to 107
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PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
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isbn-13:978-0-226-76283-8(cloth) Normal Page
20 isbn-10:0-226-76283-1(cloth)
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LibraryofCongresscataloging-in-PublicationData
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23 Slobogin,Christopher,1951– [-4], (4)
Privacyatrisk:thenewgovernmentsurveillanceandtheFourthAmendment/Christopher
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Slobogin.
25 p.cm.
26 Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
isbn-13:978-0-226-76283-8(cloth:alk.paper)
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isbn-10:0-226-76283-1(cloth:alk.paper)
28 1.UnitedStates.Constitution.4thAmendment 2.Electronicsurveillance—Lawand
29 legislation—UnitedStates. 3.Dataprotection—Lawandlegislation—UnitedStates.
4.Privacy,Rightof—UnitedStates. I.Title.
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kf45584th.s582008
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342.7308'58—dc22 2007021070
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33 (cid:2)(cid:2)ThepaperusedinthispublicationmeetstheminimumrequirementsoftheAmerican
NationalStandardforInformationSciences—PermanenceofPaperforPrintedLibrary
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Materials,ansiz39.48-1992.
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10 to charles h. whitebread,
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12 Thebestmentorpossible
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22 Theeternalskeptic
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Contents
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13 Preface ix
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15 I. SurveillanceandtheFourthAmendment 1
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chapter 1. Introduction:SurveillanceTechniquesandtheLaw 3
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20 II. PhysicalSurveillance 49
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chapter 3. PeepingTechno-Toms 51
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23 chapter 4. PublicPrivacy:SurveillanceofPublicPlacesandtheRight [-7], (7)
24 toAnonymity 79
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chapter 5. ImplementingtheRighttoPublicAnonymity 118
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III. TransactionSurveillance 137
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29 chapter 6. SubpoenasandPrivacy 139
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chapter 7. RegulatingTransactionSurveillancebythe
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Government 168
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34 chapter 8. Conclusion:ADifferentFourthAmendment? 205
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36 Notes 219
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Index 301
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Preface
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13 This book is about an insidious assault on our freedom and the fail- [-9], (9)
14 ureofthelawtorespondtoit.Theassaultcomesfromgovernment
15 monitoringofourcommunications,actions,andtransactions.Thefailure
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16 results from the inability or unwillingness of courts and legislatures to
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17 recognizehowpervasiveandroutinethisgovernmentsurveillancehasbe-
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18 come. To ensure that this powerful tool is not abused, this book argues
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19 thatsomethingequallypowerful—theConstitution,andinparticularthe
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20 FourthAmendmenttotheConstitution—muststandguard.
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21 All of us are familiar with electronic surveillance—wiretapping, bug-
22 ging,andthelike—becauseithasbeenwithusforalmostacentury.This
23 book focuses instead on a significant new development in the govern- [-9], (9)
24 ment’ssurveillanceefforts:theuseofsophisticatedtechnologytoobserve
25 ourdailyactivities(physicalsurveillance)andtoperuserecordsofthose
26 activities (transaction surveillance). Our wanderings, our work, and our
27 playcannowbemonitorednotonlythroughbinocularsandothertypesof
28 telescopiclensesbutalsowithnightscopes,trackingmechanisms,satellite
29 cameras, and devices that detect heat and images through walls. Trans-
30 actionalinformation,eventhatwhichisfinancialandmedicalinnature,
31 is often readily accessible via snoopware, commercial data brokers, and
32 ordinaryInternetsearches.Whilesomeofthesetechnologicallyenhanced
33 investigativetechniqueshavebeenaroundforseveraldecades,mosthave
34 been developed more recently, and law enforcement use of these tech-
35 niques(oldandnew)hasincreasedgeometricallyinthewakeofSeptember
36 11,2001.
37 Ipairphysicalsurveillanceandtransactionsurveillancebythegovern-
38 mentforthreereasons.First,asjustnoted,bothrelyheavilyontechnology.
39 Ofcourse,physicalsurveillancecanbecarriedoutwiththenakedeye,and