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Principles of Seismology
Second Edition
The second edition of Principles of Seismology has been extensively revised and updated to
present a modem approach to observation seismology and the theory behind digital
seismograms. It includes: a new chapter on earthquakes, Earth's structure and dynamics;
a considerably revised chapter on instrumentation, with new material on processing of
modem digital seismograms and a list of website hosting data and seismological software;
and 100 end-of-chapter problems. The fundamental physical concepts on which seismic
theory is based are explained in full detail with step-by-step development of the mathema
tical derivations, demonstrating the relationship between motions recorded in digital
seismograms and the mechanics of deformable bodies. With chapter introductions and
summaries, numerous examples, newly drafted illustrations and new color figures, and an
updated bibliography and reference list, this intermediate-level textbook is designed to help
students develop the skills to tackle real research problems.
Agustin Udias is Emeritus Professor at the Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain. He is
the author of many papers about seismicity, seismotectonics of the Azores-Gibraltar, and
the physics of seismic sources, and has also written several textbooks. Professor Udias has
served as Editor-in-Chief of Fisica de la Tierra and the Journal of Seismology, and as the
Vice-President of the European Seismological Commission. He is a member of the
Accademia Europeae, the Seismological Society of America, the American Geophysical
Union, amongst other societies, and is a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society.
Elisa Buforn is Professor of Geophysics at the Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain,
where she teaches courses on geophysics, seismology, physics, and numerical methods.
Professor Bufom's research focuses on source fracture processes, seismicity, and seismo
tectonics and she is Editor-in-Chief ofFisica de la Tierra and on the Editorial Board of the
Journal of Seismology. She is a member of the Seismological Society of America,
American Geophysical Union, Royal Astronomical Society, and Real Sociedad Espanola
de Fisica, amongst other societies.
Principles of Seismology
Second Edition
AGUSTIN UDfAS
Universidad Complutense, Madrid
ELISA BUFORN
Universidad Complutense, Madrid
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Contents
PrefaancAdec knowledgments pagxev
Seismtohlseoc giyoe,fen acret hquakes
1.T1h hei stdoervieclaolp ment
Seismaom luolgitysi cdipslciineanrcye
1.2 4
1.D3i visoifso eniss mology
5
Theoarnoydb servations
1.4 6
International cooperation
1.5 8
Boojkosu,rn aanlwdse ,b sites
1.6 9
Summary
1.7 12
2 EarthqEuarastkther sua,cn tdduy rnea,m ics
14
Earthqnuaatkuderisas:la sters
2.1 14
Siozfee arthquakes
2.2 17
Earthqaunfadak uelst s
2.3 18
Spatdiiaslt roifeb aurttihoqnu akes
2.4 20
Tempodriaslt roifeb aurttihoqnu akes
2.5 22
Eartsht'rsu ccrtuumsraten,:ta lncedo, r e
2.6 23
Platteec tonics
2.7 26
Earthrqiuspakrk,ee d iacntpdir oenv,e ntion
2.8 29
Summary
2.9 30
3I nstrumaendndit gaditatiptaoralno cessing
32
Thhei steovroilcuoatflsi eoins mographs
3.1 32
Thteh eooftr hyse e ismometer
3.2 35
Recording systeamndsdy, n amrmaaigncng ief ication,
3.3 39
Electrosmeaigsnmeotgirca phs
3.4 40
Digisteails mographs
3.5 45
Procedsisgisinetgia slm ograms
3.6 47
Dataac quisition
3.6.1 47
Radainatdlr anscvoemrpsoen ents
3.6.2 48
Removtihineng s trurmeesnptoanls e
3.6.3 49
Specatnraally sis
3.6.4 50
Filtseeriisnmgo grams
3.6.5 51
V
vi Contents
3.A7c celerographs 54
3.O8t hteyrpo efss e ismoilnosgtircu ments 55
3.S9u mmary 58
3.1P0r oblems 58
4 Basciocn caenpedtq su aotafin oe nlsam setdiicu m 60
4.D1i splasctermaaeninsdntt ,,r ess 60
4.1E.i1g envaaneldiu geesn vectors 64
4.E2l astciocefifitcyi ents 65
4.T3h ien floufte enmcpee rature 68
4.W4o rekn,e ragnyd, c hoenasti derations 70
4.E5q uatoifco onnst iannmudoi ttiyo n 72
4.5T.h1ee q uatoifco onnst ionfmu aisatsnye d n ergy 72
4.5T.h2ee q uaotfmi ootnio ormn o mentum 73
4.T6h Lea grafnogrimaunl ation 77
4.P7o tefunntcitaoilfdo inssp laacnefdmo ernctess 78
4.T8h Ger eaennSd o miglianoafe lfausntcotdiyonnasm ics 79
4.T9h eoroefrm esc iparnordce iptrye sentation 81
4.1S0u mmary 84
4.1P1r oblems 85
5W avieansn i nfienliatmseet diicu m 87
5.W1a veeq uatfoirao nen lsa msetdiicu m 87
5.S2o luotfit ohwneas ve eq uation 89
5.2W.a1v fer oanntrdsa ys 91
5.2.2 oWfsa evveefsrr aelq uencies 93
5.D3i splavceelmoeacnnitadt,c y c,e leration 93
5.T4h per opagoafet nieorng y 95
5.4P.h1a asnegd r ovuepl ocities 96
5.T5h eeff eocfgt r avoinwt ayvp er opagation 97
5.P6l awnaev es 98
5.T7h gee omeotfPar nySd w avdei splacements 101
5.P8a rtifcourolmftas hr pe o tentials 103
5.S9p hewraivceasl 105
5.1C0y linwdarviecsa l 109
5.1S1u mmary 112
5.1P2r oblems 112
6 Reflaencrdte iforna ction 115
6.S1n ell's law 115
6.R2e fleacntrdie ofnr aicntt wlioio qnmu eiddi a 116
6.2N.o1r mianlc idence 120
6.2C.r2i tiinccaild ence 120
6.2I.n3h omogweanveeosu s 121
vii Contents
6.2R.e4fl ecatntedrd a nsemnietrtgeyd 122
6.2R.e5fl ecotnaif ornse uer face 126
6.R3e flecatnirdoe nfr acitnei loanms etdiica 127
6.3I.n1c iSdHew natv es 127
6.3C.r2i tiinccailda enindnc heo mogweanveeosu s 129
6.3I.n3c iPda ennSdtV w aves 130
6.R4e flecotnaif ornse uer face 132
6.4I.n1c iSdHew natv es 133
6.4I.n2c iPdw eanvte s 133
6.4I.n3c iSdVe nwta ves 135
6.4C.r4i triecfalleo cfSt Vwi aovne s 136
6.4T.h5pe a rtietnieorng yo f 136
6.M5o tiaottnh f er seuer face 139
6.5I.n1c iPdw eanvte s 139
6.5I.n2c iSdw eanvte s 140
6.5A.p3p aarnegnoltfi e nsc idaenpndoc lea rization 141
6.S6u mmary 143
6.P7r oblems 143
7 Bodwya vper opaiglnaa tyiemoernde ida 146
7.W1a vper opaigantt h(iexzo ,)pn l ane 146
7.T2h eeq uaftoitrohd nei spla-sctermveeesncstt or 148
7.T3h per opamgaattroirx 150
7.A4l ayemreeddiw uimtc ho nsptaarnatm eters 152
7. 4E.i1g envaaneldiu geesn vectors 153
7.4T.h2pe r opamgaattfrooiSrrxH m otion 154
7.S5H m otiionan ne lalsatyioecvr ea hr a lf-space 155
7.T6h gee neprraolb lem 157
7. 6S.H1m otion 158
7. 6P.-2S mVo tion 158
7.S7u mmary 159
7.P8r oblems 159
8 Ratyh eMoerdyi.ca o nosvfte alnotc ity 161
8.T1h eei koenqaula tion 161
8.1T.h1ce o ndiotfvi aolni dity 164
8.R2a tyr ajectories 165
8.R3a tyr ajeacnttdor rativieemslAe h so.m ogehnaelofu-ss pace 167
8.A4l ayoevreah r a lf-wsiptcahoc nesv tealnotc ities 171
8.T5h dei pplianyge r 176
8.A6 p lane-mleadyieurme d 178
8.S7u mmary 181
8.P8r oblems 181
viii Contents
9 Ratyh eMoerdyoi.fva a rivaeblloec ity 183
9.A1v arivaeblloweci itdthey p th 183
9.T2h Lea grafnogrimaunl ation 187
9.T3h ceh anogfde i stwainttchher e a pya rameter 188
9.T4h vee locity wdiit(sch to rnisbtuatnti on 190
9.A5l inienacrr oefva esleo wciitdthey p th 191
9.D6i striobfvu etliowocinitst hy depth 194
9. 6A.g 1r adiunaclro efva esleo city 194
9.6A.r 2a piindc rienva esleo city 195
9.6A.d 3e croefva esleo Ac liotwy-.v ellaoyceirt y 198
9.T7r atviemlfe odsre efpo ci 200
9.R8e flected rays 200
9.D9e termionfta hvteei loondc iisttyr ibution 202
9.1T0h een erpgroyp abgyra atbyee da mGse.o metsrpirceaald ing 204
9.1S1u mmary 206
9.1P2r oblems 207
10R atyh eSoprhye.r ical media 209
10.T1hg ee omeotfr ratyyr ajeacntddoi rsipelsa cements 209
10.A2s phoefcr oen svtealnotc ity 212
10.A3s phweirtaevh e lotchiiatvstya riwaibttlhhre ea dius 213
1.0.3 1 T hceh anogfde i stwainttchhre ea pya rameter 215
10.A4v elodciisttyr wiibt(uch to inosnt ant 217
10.R5a ywsi ctih rcturlaajre ctory 217
10.D6i striobftu htei ovnwe ilttohhcr eia tdyi us 218
10.A6n .o1r mdails tribution 219
10.A6r .a2p iindc rienva esleo city 220
10.A6d .e3c rienva esleo Acl iotwy-.v ellaoyceirt y 221
10.D7e termionfva etliodocinis ttyr ibution 222
10.E8n erpgryo pabgyart abiyeo anm s. Gsepormeeatdriincg 224
10.S9u mmary 226
10.P1r0o blems 226
11T ratviemalen tsdh set ruocftt huEera ert h 228
11.O1b servaantmdie otnhso ds 228
11.R1e.f1r aacntwdii odne -raenflgelcet ion 230
11.V1e.r2t ical reflection 231
11.S1e.i3s tmoimco graphy 233
11.R1e.c4e iver functions 235
11.D2i striobfvu etlioeoclnia tsyct,oi ecfifitcayin deden ntssi,t y 236
11.T3h cer ust 238
11..1T3 h mei neracloomgpiocsoaifltt hciero uns t 243
11.T4hu ep pmearn tle 244
