Principles of Neurophysiological Assessment, Mapping, and Monitoring

314 Pages·2020·18.012 MB·English

by  Scott Francis Davis, Alan David Kaye

Principles of
Neurophysiological
Assessment, Mapping,
and Monitoring
Scott Francis Davis
Alan David Kaye
Editors
Second Edition
123
Principles of Neurophysiological
Assessment, Mapping, and Monitoring
Scott Francis Davis • Alan David Kaye
Editors
Principles of
Neurophysiological
Assessment, Mapping,
and Monitoring
Second Edition
Editors
Scott Francis Davis Alan David Kaye
Department of Anesthesiology Departments of Anesthesiology
Louisiana State University School of and Pharmacology, Toxicology,
Medicine and Neurosciences
Tulane University School of Medicine LSU School of Medicine
New Orleans, LA Shreveport, LA
USA USA
ISBN 978-3-030-22399-1 ISBN 978-3-030-22400-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22400-4
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
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I would like to thank my colleagues in the field of IOM, whose
passion and commitment to patient care have made this work
possible. To Dr. Alan David Kaye, who has mentored me as an
editor and professor; his wisdom and tireless work ethic are
beyond compare. To Nick Luekenga and all of my colleagues at
Neuromonitoring Associates, who provide me with support and
friendship and who themselves are among the best advocates
for patient care in the field.
Most of all, I am grateful to my wife, Robin, and my wonderful
kids, Georgia Rose, RJ, Scottie, and Graham. They are God’s
most precious gift. Last, but not least, I still dedicate all I
do – ad majorem Dei gloriam!
Scott Francis Davis
To my wife, Dr. Kim Kaye, and my children, Aaron and Rachel
Kaye, for being the best family a man could ask for in his life.
To my brother, Dr. Adam Kaye, Pharm D, for being the best
“budder” in the world. To all my teachers and colleagues at
the University of Arizona in Tucson, Ochsner Clinic in New
Orleans, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard School of
Medicine in Boston, Tulane University School of Medicine in
New Orleans, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center in
Lubbock, and LSU School of Medicine in New Orleans.
Alan David Kaye
Foreword
In the constantly evolving realm of fundamental, translational, and clinical
medical sciences, it is imperative that cutting-edge knowledge be synthetized
and transmitted clearly and accurately to healthcare providers. This book
deals with intraoperative monitoring, a field that has evolved rapidly in the
last few decades. Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring has become an
important area because it provides functional information in real time during
surgery, thus benefiting patients and serving as an essential guideline for sur-
geons in the prevention of neurological damage. Therefore, multidisciplinary
knowledge spanning neurophysiology, anesthesiology, neurology, and neuro-
surgery is enriching this field, owing to the creation of a two-way channel of
communication, from the lab bench to the clinic and from the patient to the
lab. This includes monitoring of the electrical activity of the nervous system
(auditory and somatosensory evoked potentials and EEG).
That is where this book comes in: Principles of Neurophysiological
Assessment, Mapping, and Monitoring, Second Edition. Based on their com-
bined knowledge and experience in intraoperative neurophysiologic monitor-
ing and neurophysiology in neurosurgery, Drs. Alan David Kaye and Scott
Francis Davis have assembled a textbook that is a well-integrated blend of
contemporary fundamental and clinical sciences aimed at clinicians who
monitor the function of the nervous system during surgery. Dr. Kaye is an
outstanding leader of the academic program in anesthesiology at the Louisiana
State University Health Sciences Center (LSUHSC), New Orleans, and Dr.
Davis has distinguished himself, due to his talent, drive, and motivation, since
he was a graduate student in the LSUHSC Interdisciplinary Graduate
Program.
While there are advanced texts leveled at neurophysiologists, surgeons,
and residents alike, there are few that expound upon the basics of intraopera-
tive neurophysiologic monitoring in such a way that those just entering the
study can understand the underlying principles of this field. At the same time,
the way that the materials are presented here also will be very useful to expe-
rienced specialists. The contributors to this book provide the brick and mortar
that lay the foundations of neurophysiologic monitoring, which will benefit
new technologists all the way to neurophysiologists and neurosurgeons. The
second edition offers a number of improvements that I know you will enjoy!
vii
viii Foreword
Not unlike Wilder Penfield, who pioneered seminal brain mapping studies,
this book seeks to provide a comprehensive guide to students just beginning
their journey and experts searching for an excellent reference to other aspects
of intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring and neurophysiology in
neurosurgery.
Nicolas G. Bazan, MD, PhD
Boyd Professor; Ernest C. and Yvette C. Villere
Chair for Retinal Degenerations
Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
Ophthalmology, and Neurology
Director, Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine
LSU Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
Foreign Adjunct Professor of Neuroscience
Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Preface
The second edition of Principles of Neurophysiological Assessment, Mapping,
and Monitoring is intended to provide a timely update to the first edition text
and continue the mission of educating new neurotechnologists, residents, and
physicians in the field of intraoperative monitoring. New chapters on pediat-
ric monitoring and spinal cord mapping and monitoring offer the reader a
wealth of knowledge on two scarcely covered topics in IOM. The second
edition also contains review questions at the end of many chapters that will
help focus the instructor and student on the critical information in each chap-
ter. It is our hope that this text will continue to provide a robust standard
introductory curriculum to new practitioners in the exciting and growing field
of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring.
New Orleans, LA, USA Scott Francis Davis
Alan David Kaye
ix
Contents
1 Introduction to the Operating Room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Kristin Krasowski Reed and Scott Francis Davis
2 Anatomy of Intraoperative Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Scott Francis Davis
3 Cellular Neurophysiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Scott Francis Davis
4 Electrophysiology and Bioinstrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Scott Francis Davis and Jeremy Andrew Bamford
5 Anesthesiology and Intraoperative Electrophysiological
Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Tod Sloan and Alan David Kaye
6 Somatosensory-Evoked Potential Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Marc R. Nuwer, Lara M. Schrader, and Pedro
Coutin-Churchman
7 Motor Evoked Potentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Jay L. Shils and Vedran Deletis
8 Electromyography (EMG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Aaron J. Beverwyk, Kenneth Mancuso, Amit Prabhakar,
Jonathan Lissauer, Alan David Kaye, and Scott Francis Davis
9 Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Jonathan A. Norton
10 Electroencephalography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Lucy R. Sullivan, Aaron J. Beverwyk,
and Scott Francis Davis
11 The H-Reflex and F-Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Jeremy Andrew Bamford and Scott Francis Davis
12 Monitoring Procedures of the Spine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Denise A. Birkholz and Scott Francis Davis
13 Monitoring and Mapping of the Spinal Cord. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Christopher J. Pace
xi
xii Contents
14 Monitoring Posterior Fossa Craniotomies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Denise A. Birkholz and Scott Francis Davis
15 Intraoperative Monitoring for Carotid Endarterectomy . . . . . . 229
Scott Francis Davis and Jeremy Andrew Bamford
16 Monitoring ENT Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Denise A. Birkholz and Scott Francis Davis
17 Peripheral Nerve Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Amit Prabhakar, Kenneth Mancuso, Jonathan Lissauer,
Alan David Kaye, and Scott Francis Davis
18 Intraoperative Cortical Mapping: Basic Concepts,
Indications, and Anesthesia Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
J. Arthur Saus, Charles Fox, Harish Siddaiah,
Alan David Kaye, Scott Francis Davis,
and Bharat Guthikonda
19 Neuromonitoring in the Pediatric Patient. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Jonathan A. Norton
20 Neurological Assessment and Correlation in Spinal
Cord Nerve Root Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Alan David Kaye, Mark R. Jones, Mark W. Motejunas,
Ken P. Ehrhardt Jr., and Joseph H. Feinberg
21 Electrophysiological Assessment of Spinal Cord
Pathology in Pain Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Amit Prabhakar, Alan David Kaye, Aaron J. Kaye,
and Justin E. McKone
22 Spinal Cord Stimulation: Principles and Applications . . . . . . . . 285
Ramsin Benyamin, Jay S. Grider, Mark W. Motejunas,
Best Anyama, Elyse M. Cornett, David L. Cedeno,
Ricardo Vallejo, and Alan David Kaye
23 New Vistas: Intraoperative Neurophysiological
Monitoring and Small-Pain-Fibers Method of Testing
for Spinal Cord Assessment in Pain States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Alan David Kaye, Amit Prabhakar, Matthew B. Novitch,
Jordan S. Renschler, and Elyse M. Cornett
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307