Table Of ContentPrinciples of Modern Wireless
Communication Systems
Theory and Practice
About the Author
Aditya K. Jagannatham received his bachelor’s degree from the Indian Institute of
Technology (IIT) Bombay, Mumbai, India; and MS and PhD degrees from the University
of California, San Diego, USA. For two years he was employed as a senior wireless systems
engineer at Qualcomm Inc., San Diego, California, where he worked on developing 3G
UMTS/WCDMA/HSDPA mobile chipsets as part of the Qualcomm CDMA technologies
division.
Dr Jagannatham has contributed to the 802.11n high-throughput wireless LAN standard
and has published extensively in leading international journals and conferences. He was
awarded the Calit2 Fellowship for pursuing graduate studies at the University of California,
San Diego. In 2009, he received the Upendra Patel Achievement Award for his efforts towards
developing HSDPA/HSUPA/HSPA + WCDMA technologies at Qualcomm. He is now a
faculty member in the Electrical Engineering Department at IIT Kanpur and is also associated
with the BSNL-IITK Telecom Center of Excellence (BITCOE). At IIT Kanpur, he has been
awarded the P K Kelkar Young Faculty Research Fellowship (June 2012 to May 2015) for
excellence in research.
Dr Jagannatham’s research interests are in the area of next-generation wireless
communications and networking, sensor and ad-hoc networks, digital video processing for
wireless systems, wireless 3G/4G cellular standards, and CDMA/OFDM/MIMO wireless
technologies. His popular video lectures for the NPTEL (National Programme on Technology
Enhanced Learning) course on Advanced 3G and 4G Wireless Mobile Communications can
be found on YouTube.
Principles of Modern
Wireless Communication
Systems
Theory and Practice
Aditya K. Jagannatham
Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur
Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh
McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited
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Contents
Preface xi
Chapter 1 Introduction to 3G/4G Wireless Communications 1–5
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 2G Wireless Standards 1
1.3 3G Wireless Standards 2
1.4 4G Wireless Standards 3
1.5 Overview of Cellular Service Progression 4
Problems 5
Chapter 2 Introduction: Basics of Digital Communication Systems 6–24
2.1 Gaussian Random Variable 6
2.2 BER Performance of Communication Systems in an
AWGN Channel 8
2.2.1 BER for BPSK in AWGN 8
Example 2.1 11
Example 2.2 11
2.3 SER and BER for QPSK in AWGN 11
2.4 BER for M-ary PAM 12
2.5 SER for M-QAM 15
2.6 BER for M-ary PSK 17
2.7 Binary Signal Vector Detection Problem 20
2.7.1 An Alternative Approach for M-PSK 23
Problems 24
Chapter 3 Principles of Wireless Communications 25–82
3.1 The Wireless Communication Environment 25
3.2 Modelling of Wireless Systems 26
Example 3.1 30
3.3 System Model for Narrowband Signals 30
Example 3.2 31
3.4 Rayleigh Fading Wireless Channel 32
Example 3.3 34
Example 3.4 36
vi Contents
3.4.1 Baseband Model of a Wireless System 37
3.5 BER Performance of Wireless Systems 38
3.5.1 SNR in a Wireless System 38
3.5.2 BER in Wireless Communication Systems 39
Example 3.5 41
3.5.3 Rayleigh BER at High SNR 42
Example 3.6 43
3.6 Intuition for BER in a Fading Channel 44
3.6.1 A Simpler Derivation of Approximate Rayleigh
BER 45
3.7 Channel Estimation in Wireless Systems 46
Example 3.7 49
3.8 Diversity in Wireless Communications 50
3.9 Multiple Receive Antenna System Model 51
3.10 Symbol Detection in Multiple Antenna Systems 54
Example 3.8 57
Example 3.9 59
3.11 BER in Multi-Antenna Wireless Systems 60
Example 3.10 61
Example 3.11 63
3.11.1 A Simpler Derivation of Approximate Multi-Antenna
BER 64
3.11.2 Intuition for Diversity 65
Example 3.12 67
Example 3.13 68
3.11.3 Channel Estimation for Multi-Antenna Systems 68
Example 3.14 70
3.12 Diversity Order 71
Problems 72
Chapter 4 The Wireless Channel 83–118
4.1 Basics of Wireless Channel Modelling 83
4.1.1 Maximum Delay Spread s max 85
t
Example 4.1 87
4.1.2 RMS Delay Spread s RMS 87
t
Example 4.2 89
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Example 4.3 92
Contents vii
4.2 Average Delay Spread in Outdoor Cellular Channels 94
4.3 Coherence Bandwidth in Wireless Communications 95
4.4 Relation Between ISI and Coherence Bandwidth 101
Example 4.4 104
4.5 Doppler Fading in Wireless Systems 104
4.5.1 Doppler Shift Computation 105
Example 4.5 106
4.6 Doppler Impact on a Wireless Channel 106
4.7 Coherence Time of the Wireless Channel 108
Example 4.6 109
4.8 Jakes Model for Wireless Channel Correlation 110
4.9 Implications of Coherence Time 113
Problems 115
Chapter 5 Code Division for Multiple Access (CDMA) 119–164
5.1 Introduction to CDMA 119
5.2 Basic CDMA Mechanism 121
5.3 Fundamentals of CDMA Codes 122
5.4 Spreading Codes based on Pseudo-Noise (PN) Sequences 125
5.4.1 Properties of PN Sequences 127
5.5 Correlation Properties of Random CDMA Spreading
Sequences 130
5.6 Multi-User CDMA 133
5.7 Advantages of CDMA 137
5 .7.1 Advantage 1: Jammer Margin 138
5 .7.2 Advantage 2: Graceful Degradation 139
5.7.3 Advantage 3: Universal Frequency Reuse 140
5.7.4 Multipath Diversity and Rake Receiver 142
5.8 CDMA Near–Far Problem and Power Control 146
5.9 Performance of CDMA Downlink Scenario with Multiple
Users 147
5.10 Performance of CDMA Uplink Scenario with Multiple
Users 154
5.11 Asynchronous CDMA 155
Problems 158
Chapter 6 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Wireless
Communications 165–229
6.1 Introduction to MIMO Wireless Communications 165
6.2 MIMO System Model 166
viii Contents
6.3 MIMO Zero-Forcing (ZF) Receiver 170
6.3.1 Properties of the Zero-Forcing Receiver Matrix
F 173
ZF
6.3.2 Principle of Orthogonality Interpretation of ZF
Receiver 174
Example 6.1 176
6.4 MIMO MMSE Receiver 179
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6.4.2 Low and High SNR Properties of the MMSE
Receiver 184
6.5 Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) of the MIMO
Channel 185
6.5.1 Examples of Singular Value Decomposition 186
Example 6.2 186
Example 6.3 187
Example 6.4 188
6.6 Singular Value Decomposition and MIMO Capacity 189
6.6.1 Optimal MIMO Capacity 192
Example 6.5 194
6.7 Asymptotic MIMO Capacity 198
6.8 Alamouti and Space-Time Codes 201
6.8.1 Alamouti Code: Procedure 203
Example 6.6 207
6.9 Another OSTBC Example 209
6.10 Nonlinear MIMO Receiver: V-BLAST 212
Example 6.7 215
6.11 MIMO Beamforming 216
Problems 219
Chapter 7 Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing 230–266
7.1 Introduction 230
7.2 Motivation and Multicarrier Basics 230
7.2.1 Multicarrier Transmission 232
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� � �������� ������������������������������������ 241
7.3 OFDM Example 243
7.4 Bit-Error Rate (BER) for OFDM 245
7.5 MIMO-OFDM 247
Contents ix
7.6 Effect of Frequency Offset in OFDM 250
Example 7.1 254
7.7 OFDM – Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) 255
7.8 SC-FDMA 260
7.8.1 SC-FDMA Receiver 261
7.8.2 Subcarrier Mapping in SC-FDMA 261
Problems 262
Chapter 8 Wireless-System Planning 267–293
8.1 Introduction 267
8.2 Free Space Propagation Model 268
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8.4 Okumura Model 273
Example 8.1 275
8.5 Hata Model 276
Example 8.2 277
8.6 Log-Normal Shadowing 277
Example 8.3 278
8.7 Receiver-Noise Computation 279
Example 8.4 280
8.8 Link-Budget Analysis 280
Example 8.5 282
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8.11 Steady-State Analysis 286
Example 8.6 289
Example 8.7 290
Problems 291
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