Table Of Content49315_fm_i-xxxvii.indd 4 4/27/11 12:42 PM
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 7
m
8A(18) 2HeHelium4.0026 10NeNeon20.1797 18ArArgon39.948 36KrKrypton83.798 54XeXenon131.293 86RnRadon(222) 118——(294) 71LuLutetium174.9668 103Lrawrenciu(262)
L y
3A4A5A6A7A(13)(14)(15)(16)(17) 65987CBFONCarbonBoronFluorineOxygenNitrogen12.010710.81118.998415.999414.0067 1716151413ClSPSiAlChlorineSulfurPhosphorusSiliconAluminum2B35.45332.06530.973828.085526.9815(12) 343332313035BrSeAsGeGaZnBromineSeleniumArsenicGermaniumGalliumZinc79.90478.9674.921672.6469.72365.38 535251504948ITeSbSnInCdIodineTelluriumAntimonyTinIndiumCadmium126.9045127.60121.760118.710114.818112.411 858483828180AtPoBiPbTlHgAstatinePoloniumBismuthLeadThalliumMercury(210)(209)208.9804207.2204.3833200.59 113114115116112——————————(285)(287)(288)(284)(293) 676865666970TbDyErTmYbHoTerbiumDysprosiumErbiumThuliumYtterbiumHolmium158.9254162.500167.259168.9342173.054164.9303 100979899101102BkCfEsFmMdNoBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobelium(247)(251)(252)(257)(258)(259) al Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) has officialloved a name are indicated by their chemical symbols in this orted in the literature but not yet officially sanctioned and mber. The name copernicium was proposed for element 112 ame had not been officially accepted by IUPAC.
LEMENTS Main group metals Transition metals Metalloids Nonmetals, noble gases 8B1B8B8B(10)(11)(8)(9) 26272928FeCoCuNiIronCobaltCopperNickel55.84558.933263.54658.6934 46444547RuRhPdAgRutheniumRhodiumSilverPalladium101.07102.9055107.8682106.42 76777978OsIrPtAuOsmiumIridiumGoldPlatinum190.23192.217196.9666195.084 111110108109RgDsHsMtRoentgeniumDarmstadtiumHassiumMeitnerium(280)(281)(277)(276) 63646162EuGdPmSmEuropiumGadoliniumPromethiumSamarium151.964157.25(145)150.36 95969394AmCmNpPuAmericiumCuriumNeptuniumPlutonium(243)(247)(237)(244) Elements for which the Internationsanctioned the discovery and apprtable. Elements that have been repnamed are indicated by atomic nuin July 2009, but at that time this n
E
PERIODIC TABLE OF THE KEY Atomic number79AuSymbolGoldName1Atomic weight196.9665HHydrogenAn element1.0079 2A1A(2)(1) 34LiBeLithiumBeryllium6.9419.0122 1112NaMgSodiumMagnesium3B4B5B6B7B22.989824.3050(3)(4)(5)(6)(7) 19202122232425ScTiVCrMnKCaPotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganese39.098340.07844.955947.86750.941551.996154.9380 37394041424338RbSrYZrNbMoTcRubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdenumTechnetium85.467887.6288.905891.22492.906495.96(98) 56555772737475CsLaHfTaWReBaCesiumLanthanumHafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumBarium132.9055138.9055178.49180.9479183.84186.207137.327 888910510610787104FrRaAcRfDbSgBhFranciumRadiumActiniumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohrium(223)(226)(227)(267)(268)(271)(272) umbers in parentheses are mass umbers of radioactive isotopes. 596058CePrNd6LanthanidesCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymium140.116140.9076144.242 909192ThPaU7ActinidesThoriumProtactiniumUranium232.0381231.0359238.0289 HeThis icon appears throughout the NeFONCBBeArSPSiAlMgClbook to help locate elements of KrSeAsGeGaZnCuNiCaScTiVCrMnFeCoBrinterest in the periodic table. The XeTeSbSnInCdAgSrYZrNbMoTcRuRhPdILaHfTaWReOsIrBaRnPoBiPbTlHgAuPtAthalogen group is shown here.RfDbSgBhHsMt——————RgDsRaAc CePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLuThPaUNpPuAmCmBkCfEsFmMdNoLr
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Nn H LiNaKRbCsFr
Periodnumber Group number,U.S. system Group number,IUPAC system
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Standard Atomic Weights Based on Relative Atomic Mass of 12C 5 12, where 12C is a neutral atom
of the Elements 2009, IUPAC in its nuclear and electronic ground state.1
Atomic Atomic Atomic Atomic
Name Symbol Number Weight Name Symbol Number Weight
Actinium2 Ac 89 (227) Molybdenum Mo 42 95.96(2)
Aluminum Al 13 26.981 5386(8) Neodymium Nd 60 144.242(3)
Americium2 Am 95 (243) Neon Ne 10 20.1797(6)
Antimony Sb 51 121.760(1) Neptunium2 Np 93 (237)
Argon Ar 18 39.948(1) Nickel Ni 28 58.6934(4)
Arsenic As 33 74.921 60(2) Niobium Nb 41 92.906 38(2)
Astatine2 At 85 (210) Nitrogen N 7 14.0067(2)
Barium Ba 56 137.327(7) Nobelium2 No 102 (259)
Berkelium2 Bk 97 (247) Osmium Os 76 190.23(3)
Beryllium Be 4 9.012 182(3) Oxygen O 8 15.9994(3)
Bismuth Bi 83 208.980 40(1) Palladium Pd 46 106.42(1)
Bohrium2 Bh 107 (272) Phosphorus P 15 30.973 762(2)
Boron B 5 10.811(7) Platinum Pt 78 195.084(9)
Bromine Br 35 79.904(1) Plutonium2 Pu 94 (244)
Cadmium Cd 48 112.411(8) Polonium2 Po 84 (209)
Calcium Ca 20 40.078(4) Potassium K 19 39.0983(1)
Californium2 Cf 98 (251) Praseodymium Pr 59 140.907 65(2)
Carbon C 6 12.0107(8) Promethium2 Pm 61 (145)
Cerium Ce 58 140.116(1) Protactinium2 Pa 91 231.035 88(2)
Cesium Cs 55 132.905 4519(2) Radium2 Ra 88 (226)
Chlorine Cl 17 35.453(2) Radon2 Rn 86 (222)
Chromium Cr 24 51.9961(6) Rhenium Re 75 186.207(1)
Cobalt Co 27 58.933 195(5) Rhodium Rh 45 102.905 50(2)
Copper Cu 29 63.546(3) Roentgenium2 Rg 111 (280)
Curium2 Cm 96 (247) Rubidium Rb 37 85.4678(3)
Darmstadtium2 Ds 110 (281) Ruthenium Ru 44 101.07(2)
Dubnium2 Db 105 (268) Rutherfordium2 Rf 104 (267)
Dysprosium Dy 66 162.500(1) Samarium Sm 62 150.36(2)
Einsteinium2 Es 99 (252) Scandium Sc 21 44.955 912(6)
Erbium Er 68 167.259(3) Seaborgium2 Sg 106 (271)
Europium Eu 63 151.964(1) Selenium Se 34 78.96(3)
Fermium2 Fm 100 (257) Silicon Si 14 28.0855(3)
Fluorine F 9 18.998 4032(5) Silver Ag 47 107.8682(2)
Francium2 Fr 87 (223) Sodium Na 11 22.989 769 28(2)
Gadolinium Gd 64 157.25(3) Strontium Sr 38 87.62(1)
Gallium Ga 31 69.723(1) Sulfur S 16 32.065(5)
Germanium Ge 32 72.64(1) Tantalum Ta 73 180.947 88(2)
Gold Au 79 196.966 569(4) Technetium2 Tc 43 (98)
Hafnium Hf 72 178.49(2) Tellurium Te 52 127.60(3)
Hassium2 Hs 108 (277) Terbium Tb 65 158.925 35(2)
Helium He 2 4.002 602(2) Thallium Tl 81 204.3833(2)
Holmium Ho 67 164.930 32(2) Thorium2 Th 90 232.038 06(2)
Hydrogen H 1 1.00794(7) Thulium Tm 69 168.934 21(2)
Indium In 49 114.818(3) Tin Sn 50 118.710(7)
Iodine I 53 126.904 47(3) Titanium Ti 22 47.867(1)
Iridium Ir 77 192.217(3) Tungsten W 74 183.84(1)
Iron Fe 26 55.845(2) Uranium2 U 92 238.028 91(3)
Krypton Kr 36 83.798(2) Vanadium V 23 50.9415(1)
Lanthanum La 57 138.905 47(7) Xenon Xe 54 131.293(6)
Lawrencium2 Lr 103 (262) Ytterbium Yb 70 173.054(5)
Lead Pb 82 207.2(1) Yttrium Y 39 88.905 85(2)
Lithium Li 3 [6.941(2)]† Zinc Zn 30 65.38(2)
Lutetium Lu 71 174.9668(1) Zirconium Zr 40 91.224(2)
Magnesium Mg 12 24.3050(6) —2,3,4 112 (285)
Manganese Mn 25 54.938 045(5) —2,3 113 (284)
Meitnerium2 Mt 109 (276) —2,3 114 (287)
Mendelevium2 Md 101 (258) —2,3 115 (288)
Mercury Hg 80 200.59(2) —2,3 116 (293)
—2,3 118 (294)
1. The atomic weights of many elements vary depending on the origin and treatment of the sample. This is particularly true for Li; commercially available lithium-containing
materials have Li atomic weights in the range of 6.939 and 6.996. Uncertainties are given in parentheses following the last significant figure to which they are attributed.
2. Elements with no stable nuclide; the value given in parentheses is the atomic mass number of the isotope of longest known half-life. However, three such elements (Th,
Pa, and U) have a characteristic terrestrial isotopic composition, and the atomic weight is tabulated for these.
3.. Not yet named.
4. The name copernicium was proposed for element 112 in July 2009, but at that time this name had not been officially accepted by IUPAC.
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PRINCIPLES OF
MODERN CHEMISTRY
sEVENTH EDI TI ON
DAVID W. OXTOBY
Pomona College
H.P. GILLIs
University of California—Los Angeles
ALA N CAMPION
The University of Texas at Austin
Images of orbitals in Chapters 4, 5, 6, and 8 contributed by
HATEM H. HELAL
California Institute of Technology and Cambridge University, UK
KELLY P. GAITHER
The University of Texas at Austin
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Principles of Modern Chemistry, © 2012, 2008 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
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I N APPRECI ATI O N OF
Mostafa A. El-Sayed
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our PhD advisers
for their distinguished careers in scientific research and education
The search for truth is in one way hard and in another easy, for it is evident that no one can
master it fully or miss it completely.
But each adds a little to our knowledge of nature, and from all the facts assembled there
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(Greek inscription, taken from Aristotle, on the facade of the National Academy of Sciences
building in Washington, D.C.)
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