Table Of ContentTheM organK aufmanSne rieisnR epresentaatnidoR ne asoning
Serieedsi tRoor,n aJ.l Bdr ach(mAaTn& BTe lLla boratories)
Books
JameAsl leJna,m eHse ndlaenrdA, u stTiant eed,i tors JudePae arl
ReadiinnPg lsa nn(1i9n9g0 ) ProbabRielaissotininIic nn tigeg leSlnystt ems:
NetwoorfP klsa usIinbeflneerc( e19 88)
JamesA lleHne,m yA .K autRzi,c haNr.Pd e lavin,
F.
andJ osDh. T enenberg GlenSnh afearn dJ udePae areld,i tors
ReasoAnbionPuglt a (n1s9 91) ReadiinnUg nsc erRteaaisno (n1i9n9g0)
RonaJl.Bd r achmaanndH ector Leevdeistqoures, JohSno wae,d itor
ReadiinnKg nso wlReedepgsree nt(1a 9t8i5o)n PrincoifSp elmeasnN ettiwco Erxpklso:r aitnti hoen s
RepreseonfKt naotwilo(en1d 9g9e1 )
ErnesDta vis
ReepsrentoafCt oimomnosn sKennoswel (e1d9g9e0 ) DaniSe.Wl e ladn dJ ohadneK leeerd,i tors
ReadiinnQg usa liRteaatsiovanebi onPught y sical
ThomaLs.D eaann dM ichaPe.W le llman
Syst(e1m9s9 0)
PlannainCndog n t(r1o9l91 )
DaviEd.W ilkins
JanKeotl odner
PraicctPalla nnEixtnegn:dt ihCnelg a csasli
Case-BRaesaesdo( n1i9n9g3) AI
Parad(i1g9m88 )
Proceedings
PrincoifKp nloewsl Reedepgsree ntaRteiaosno ningR:e asoninAgc tAiabononPdusl t a Pnsro:c eedings
&
Proceeodfti hFneig sr st IntCeornnafteiroennacle oft he Worksph o
1986
(K'R EditbeyMd i chaPe.Gl e orgaenffdA myL .L ansky
89)
EditbeyRd o naJl.Bd r achmHaenc,t Jo.Lr e vesque, (1987)
andR aymoRnedi ter
TheoreAtpsieccaotlfRs e asoanniKdnno gw ledge:
PrincoifKp nloewsl Reedepgsree ntaRteiaosno ningP:r oceeodfti hnFegi sr st Co(riATfReKr ence
& 1986)
Proceeodfti hnSege sc oInndt ernlCa otfneiroennace EditbeyJd o sePp.Hh a lpern
(KR
'91) TheoreAtpsieccaotlfRs ea sonainnKdgn o wlgeed:
EditbeyJd a meAsl leRni,c haFridk es,
Proceeodfti hneg sS Ceocfneorned(n ATcReK
andE riSka ndewall 1988)
EditbeyMd o shYe.V ardi
PrincoifKp nloewsl Reedepgsree ntaRteiaosno ning:
& TheoreAtpsieccaotlfRs e asoanniKdnn go wglee:d
Proceeodfti hnTegh isIr ndt eornnaCalotf enirence
Proceeodfti hnTegh siC rodfen re(nATcReK
(KR 1990)
'92) EditbeyRd o hiPta rikh
EditbeyBd e rnhaNredbe lC,h arRliecsh ,
andW illiSawma rtout TheoreAtpsieccatlRs ea soofn ainnKdgn o wledge:
Proceeodfti hnFego su rCtofhen re(nATcReK
PrincoifKp nloewsl Reedepgsree ntaRteiaosno ning: 1992)
& EditbeyYd o raMmo ses
Proceeodfti hnFego su rItnht ernCaotfneiroennacle
(KR TheoreAtpsieccaotlfRs e asoanniKdnn ogw ledge:
'94)
EditbeyJd o nD oyle,S aEnrdiekw aanldPl i,e trToo rassoP roceeodfti hnFegif stC hof enre(nATcReK
1994)
EditbeyRd o naFladg in
ThFer amPer obilnAe rmit ciiIfanlt eelnlcieg:
Proceedoiftn hges Cofnerence
1987
EditbeydF ranMk.B row(n1 987)
Principolfe s
Knowledge
Representation
and
Reasoning:
Proceeodfit nhges
FourItnht ernational
Conference
(KR' 94)
Editbeyd
JonD oyle
(MasscahusetItnss titute
ofT echnology)
EriSka ndewall
(Linkoping University)
PietTroor asso
(UniverdsiTi otrai no)
MorgaKna ufmann PublIinsch.e rs,
SanF rancisCcaol,i fornia
Thesper oceedwienrmgeas n agaenddp rodufcoetrdh oer ganizers
oft hKeR '9c4o nferbeynP creo fessBiooonkCae ln tDeern,v eCro,l orado.
Thei ndivipdaupaewlre sr seu bmititnc eadm era-froerabmdy yt hceo ntribauuttihnogr s.
MorgaKna ufmaPnunb lisIhnecr.s ,
340P inSet reSeitx,Ft lho or
SanF ranciCsAc 9o4,1 04
LibroafrC yo ngrCeastsa loging-in-DPautbal ication
InternatCioonnfaelr oennP crei nciopfKl neosw ledge Repraensde ntation
Reason(i4nt:gh1 994:B onnG,e rmany)
Princiopfkl neosw lerdegper esenatnadrt eiaosno n:ip nrgo ceedings
oft hfeo uritnht ernatcioonnfaelr( eKnR'c 9e)4 ,B onnG,e rmanMya,y
24-2179,9 4e ditbeyJd o nD oylEer,iS ka ndewPaileltT,ro or asso.
I
p.c m.- (ThMeo rgaKna ufmasnenr iienr se presenatnadt ion
reasoning)
Inclubdiebsl iogrraepfehriecnaacnledi s n dex.
ISBN1 -55860-328-X
1.K nowlerdegper esen(tIantfioornmt ahteioorny )-Congresses.
2.R easoning-CongrIeD.so syelJseo.,n .I IS.a ndewEarlilk,.
ToarssPoi,e troT.i tlVe.S. e ries.
III. IV.
Q387.115999 4
006.3'3-dc20 94-9421
CIP
Copyrig1h9t9 b4y M orgaKna ufmaPnunb lisIhnecr.s ,
©
Alrli ghrtess erved.
Prinitnet dhU en itSetda toefAs m erica
Nop arotft hipsu blicmaatyib oern e produscteodri,ena d r etriseyvsatloe rmt ,r ansmitted
ina nyf oromrb ya nym eans-elecmtercohnaincip,ch aolt,o copryeicnogr,do irn g,
otherwise-twhipetr hiowourrti tpteernm isosfti hopenu blisher.
949 59 69 7 4 3 2 1
Preface
Thivso lumceo ntatihnpesa peprrse senattt ehdFe o urItnht ernatCioonnfearle onncP er inciopfKl neosw leRdegper e
sentaatnidoR ne asonTihnegK .R conferenhcaeveses tabltihsehmesde alsvt ehsle e adfoirnugm fo rt imeilny-,d epth
presentoafpt rioognr ients hste h eoarnydp rinciupnldeesr ltyhirene gp resenatnadct oimopnu tatmiaonniaplu loaft ion
knowleFdoglel.o whiingghs luyc cesmsefeutli inngT so ronatnodC ambriMdagses,a chutsheceto tnsf,e rceonncvee nes
thiyse airnB onno,u tsoifdN eo rtAhm erifcoatr h fei rtsitm e.
KR' 9c4o ntitnhuteer sa diotfhi iognsh t andfaorardc sc epptaepdee rsst ablbiyst hhpeerd e cedtihnrcgeo en ferenWcee s.
wereen courabgyte hdeh igqhu aloiftt yh 2e7 2e xtended abstrafcotrrse vsiuaenbwdmo iftt ht5ee5 dc hosfeonr
publicaRteicoeni.vs iunbgm issfrioomn se vceornyt intehnceto ,n ferecnocnet intoum easi ntaanidbn r oadietinsn terna
tioncahla rawcittetrhh, pe r oceedipnrgess entthiweno gro kf a uthforros1m 5 c ountries.
Thiyse arc'osn ferceonnctei ntuome osv et owarad ssu itabballea nbectew eetnh eorewtoirckaa nldi mplemented,
appliaendde, x perimweonrtkMa.al n yp rogrcaomm mitmteemeb eermsp hasitzheibdsa lanicnte h erierv ieawnsdt, h e
papebresl opwr eseexncte lelxeanmtp olfes su cwho rkO.b servgirnegca otn cearnb oumte thodolporgoibclaaelmm osn g
the procgormammi twteea es,k eLdi nP adghtaomo rganaip zaen deils cusosnti hoitnso pic.
Manya retarsa ditiaotntraalclstyti rnogKn Rg i nterreemsatwi enl rle prestehniytsee adir n,c luddeidnugc tainodsn e arch,
description loogfik cnso,w letadhngedebo erliienesof n,m onotonic arnedba esloineifn g raecvtiisaoinnodt n i,m e,
plannainnddg e cision-amnadrk eiansgo,na ibnogut th peh ysiwcoarllT dh.ep reseonfcp el annainnddg i agnosis dimin
ishepedr,h apdsu et ot haep pearoafnn ceewc onferenacnedws o rkshops tdote hveotstoeep di wchsi,lt ehp er eseonfc e
othteorp igcrse wi,n clutdhirene gl ationsK Rba entdow tehesenur b fieolfda sr tifiinctiealll iSgoemnepc aep.e rs, includ
intgh ien vittaelbdky D idiDeurb oicso,n cetrnh ien tegroafnt uimoenr aincds ymbomleitch oidnps r eference modeling
andu ncertawihnitloyet, h eirnsc,l udtihienn gv itedb yJ taailmCkea rbonienlvle,s tciognanteec tionsK Rb aentdw een
machilneea rning.
We alssoo ugthots trengttihebesen t weKeRn a ndr elafiteeldd ssu cahs p hilosolpihnyg,u ipsstyicchso,l aongdy ,
economWihcisl.we ed indo mto vea sf airn t hidsi recatsih oonp ewde,a rgel atdoi nclpuadpeer asl ontgh elsien iens
thper ograanmdw, e rvee rfoyr tuntaotg ee Lte nS chubteoro tr gantihzpeea nedli scusasiimoend i daetn tiifdyeiansg
fromn atulraanlg uaangdle i nguifosret xipcls ointi anKt Ri.o
JoDno yle
ProgrCaom- Chair
EriSka ndewall
CofenreCnhcaei r
PieTtorraos so
ProgrCaom- Crh ai
Acknowledgments
KR '9w4o ulndo hta vbee epno ssiwbilteh tohueetff orotfas g renautm beofrd edicpaetoepdl e.
Firasntdf oremwoassot u erx celilnetnetrn atpiroongarclao mm mitwtheoec ,o ntributed eexfftorriatnro ervdiienwary
inagn dc ompar2i7n2pg a pers:
Giuseppe Attardi PatH ayes RamesPha til
UniversoifPt iys aI,t aly UniversoifIt lyl inois, USA USC/ISI, USA
FranBza ader HirofuKmait suno RaymonPde rrault
DFKIG,e rmany NTT,J apan SRIU,S A
Fahiem Bacchus HenrKya utz DaviPdo ole
UniversoifWt ayt erlCoaon,a da AT&T,U SA UBC,C anada
PhilipBpees nard SariKtr aus HenrPir ade
IRISA,F rance Bar-IUlnainv ersIistrya,e l IRIT,F rance
PierBoo nissone MaurizLieon zerini AnandR ao
GE,U SA UniversoifRt oym e,I taly AAIIA,u stralia
CraiBgo utilier VladimLiri fschitz JeffR osenschein
UBC,C anada UniversoifTt eyx aUsS,A HebreUwn iversIistrya,e l
RonB rachman DaviMda kinson StuaRruts sell
AT&T,U SA UnescoF,r ance UC Berke,lU eSyA
MauriBcreu ynooghe JoaoM artins LenS chubert
KUL,B elgium ISTP,o rtugal UniversoifRt oyc hestUeSrA,
AnthonCyo hn DaviMdc Allester Marek Sergot
UniversoifLt eye dUsK, MIT,U SA Imperial CUoKl lege,
ErnesDta vis John-JuMleeyse r LokendSrhaa stri
NYU,U SA UniversoifAt mys terdaNme,t herlandsI CSIU,S A
RinaD echter KatharMionrai k YoavS hoham
UC IrviUnSeA, UniversoifDt oyr tmund, Germany StanfoUrndi versity, USA
Johadne K leer JohannMao ore LynnS tein
Xerox, USA UniversoifPt iyt tsbuUrSgAh , MIT,U SA
OskaDrr essler HideyuNkaik ashima DevikSau bramanian
SiemenGse,r many ETL,J apan CornelUln iversUiStAy ,
JenniEfelrg ot-Drapkin BernharNde bel William Swartout
ArizoSntaa tUen iversUiStAy , UniversoifUt lym ,G ermany USC/ISUIS,A
Richard Fikes HansJ uergOehnl bach AustiTna te
StanfoUrndi versUiStAy , MaxP lancIkn stiGteurtm,a ny AIAIU,n iversoifEt dyi nburUgKh ,
AlanF risch LinP adgham Petevra nB eek
UniversoifYt oyr kU,K Linki:ipiUnngi versSiwteyd,e n UniversoifAt lyb erCtaan,a da
HectoGre ffner PetePra tel-Schneider MichaWeell lman
SimoBn olivar UnivVeernseiztuye,l a AT&T,U SA UniversoifMt iyc higUaSnA,
GeorGgo ttlob
TU WienA,u stria
Precfeac/kAnogwmleendts
xi
Thep rogrcahma iarnsdc ommitwteerefe o rtutnoah taevt eh aes sistoafan n cuem beorfo threers earwchhoeo rffse red
suggestainodcn osm menctosn cerntihnsegu bmitetxetde nadbesdt rMaacntyso .ft hepesoep lper ovihdeeldap ts hort
notidcuer itnhgCe h ristmas fohrow lhiidcwahey a sr,ve e rgyr ateful.
SiegfrBieeldl AloiHsa selboeck AnkeR ieger
UniversoifDt oyr tmunGde,r many SiemenAsu,s tria UniversoifDt oyr tmund, Germany
PierBoo natti JoachiHme rtzberg IriRnias h
TU Wien, Austria GMD,G ermany UC IrviUnSeA,
DmitrBio ulanger IanH orswill AndreSac haerf
KUL,B elgium MIT,U SA UniversdiiRt oam a,I taly
MarcCoa doli KaleKvk ask MarcSoc haerf
UniversdiiRt oam a,I taly UC IrvinUeS,A UniversdiiCt aag liaIrtia,l y
DiegCoa lvanese VolkeKrl ingspor KlauSsc hild
UniversdiiRt oam a,I taly UniversoifDt oyr tmunGde,r many DFKIG,e rmany
GiusepDpee G iacomo JeromLea ng EddiSec hwalb
UniversdiiRt oam a,I taly IRITF,r ance UC IrviUnSeA,
MarcD enecker WilliJa.mL ong GrigoSrcih warz
KUL,B elgium MIT,U SA StanfoUrndi versUiStAy ,
LucD eR aedt AlberMtaor telli Maria Simi
KUL,B elgium UniversdiiTt oar inIot,a ly UniversoifPt iys aI,t aly
DannyD eS chreye IgoMro zetic ElizabSeotnhe nberg
KUL,B elgium ARIAiA,u stria UniversoifMt eyl bourne, Australia
BriaDnr abble SrinNia rayanan MarcuSst umptner
UniversoifEt dyi nburUgKh , ICSIU,S A TU WienA,u stria
ThomasE iter DanieNlaer di PeteSrz olovits
TU WienA,u stria UniversdiiRt oam a,I taly MIT,U SA
GerhaFrrdi edrich StephOemno hundro MikeU schold
SiemenAsu,s tria ICSIU,S A UniversoifEt dyi nburUgKh ,
DanF rost LuigPio rtinale HenkV andecasteele
UC IrviUnSeA, UniversdiiTt oar inIot,a ly KUL,B elgium
Wea lstoh anoku irn vistpeeda kJearism,Ce a rbonDeildliD,eu rb oiasn,dW illiWaomo dfosr,t heiimrpo rtacnontt ribu
tiotnost hceo nfereanncdeL ,i nP adghaanmd L enS chubefrotor r ganitzhipena gn eolnsK R methodoalnodng ayt ural
languoapgpeo rtunities.
We thanGke rhaLradk emefoyreh ri gsr eeaffto ritnh andltihnlego gismtaitctaeilrn vso livnet dh ceo nferesnictee ,
LuziSaa ssenl3e-lHeeforr h erh elipn p roductihnbeg r ochuCrher,i sHtairnmefos r h andlmiantgt errelsa ttiotn hge
StresemIannstni atnudot u,rp ublicchiatiWyre ,rn eHro m,w how orkeldo nhgo urtsos pretahdwe o radb ouKtR '94
aroutnhdge l obe.
Wet haJnik mS chmoltzheKe,R t reasfourrw erri,t tihncegh ecnkese dteodk eetph inmgosv ing.
We thanBke rnhaNredb ealn dR amesPha tfiolpr r oviduiswn igt ahv arioefts yo ftwtahrahete lpaeudt omsaotmeoe f
thtea siknsv olivner de viewtihnsegu bmitptaepde arnsd,f oprr ovidqiunigca kn swetrods e speqruatees tiaotan lsl
timoefst hdea y.
Wet hank GMiantstb foerri gn vestitghaUetS ib nagn kisnygs taenmdp ossimbelteh ofodrss implitfhypeia nygm eonft
registfreaetsi.o n
Prefaccken/ogAwmleendts
xii
Asi st radittihoheno amleo, r ganizoaftt ihoceno sn feroerngcaen ipzreorvsi sdiegdn ificant adsmuipnpioWsrett r.a tive
wistho t hanMkI Ta ndS coRteti schmpaenrns ontahlUeln yi;v erdsiTi otrai ;nL oinkopUinnigv erasnidLt iys e-Lott
Svenspseorns onaanldIl nys;t iotfCu otmep utSecri enIcIUeIn ,i verosfBi otnyan n dM artiFnuas cphe rsonally.
Wea rhea pptyob ea blteoc ontitnhuteer adiotfpi uobnl isthhipenr go ceedtihnrgosuM gohr gaKna ufmaPnunb lishers,
andt haMnik kMeo rgaann dD ougSe rfoyr a ltlh ehierl Wpe.a lstoh aJnekn niBfearl lenatnidhn eesr t afofrfo rganizing
thper oducotfti hopenr oceedaitPn rgosf essBiooonCkae ln tienDr e nveCro,l orado.
Weg ratefauclklnyo wliendvgael usaubplpefro ortmt hGee sellsfcihIianrffo tr matthiAeku ,s trian foSroA criteitfyi cial
IntellitgheCena cnea,d Sioacni foertC yo mputatSitoundaoilfeI sn tellitgheEenu creo,p ean CooCrodmimniattotinen eg
ArtifIinctiealll itgheAenm ceer,i cAasns ociafotrAi rotni fiIcnitaell liagnedtn hcIeen ,t ernatJiooinCnaotln ferenocne s
ArtifIinctiealll igence.
Finalwleyt ,h anaklt lh eau thowhross ubmitttheeedix rt enadbesdt rfoarcr tesv i.Te wherweo ulbde n oc onference
without them.
3
A ComputationaAlc countf or a
Descrpition Logiocf T imea ndA ction
AlessaAnrdtraoal nedE* n riFrcaon coni
KnowlReedpgree seanntRdae taisooLnnab i.n g
IRS,1T -38Po0v5To0N I ,tl ay
{ratalelfranconi}©irst.it
Absrtact trwuhei le tihosec caucrDtriieiffornnega n.ct t icoanns
bec oncuorrmr aeyon vte rilnta ipme eeff;c otfso ver
A formlaaln gfuoarg e reparnerdse eantilnagp paicntgi onsd icffaefrnro emnb tet hoeft hseuimr
sonaibnogtu itma nead c tiipsor nen st.eeW de indilve ieffdcuteaesffc;mt asyn ofto ltlhoaewc tbiuotn
emlpoy anr eapcrteisoeinnn tt hasett iyolne morceo mptleemxp lro erlaamtaiyho ondls.S trating
ofA lelnw,h earnae c tiirsoe np rebsyed netedfr omaf ormal albatlneoge uxapgrteee smsp orreally
scritbhtiein mcgeo uorefsv ee wnhtisl aec thel atoebdj eaccttsia,or nes reptrhersoteuengmothpre adl
tioocnc .uI rnts hsiesn asnae c,t iidsoe nf inedc onstornat ihnet sws otraltwdeh si,c hi ntp oet rhtea
bym eaonfts e mrpacolo nstornta hien twso rladc tiona niodtn os tehlmefor,rp er imiatcitivooecn s
stawthehisp ,ce ritnta ot haec tiitosnae nldf , curroivnegr timree.s pteoW[Ac ilettln h1, 9 9o1u]r,
ono thmeorr eel emreyan cttaioocncsu rrinfogr malhiaassc m l edairs tibnecttwieoelnna ntghuaeg e
over At diimset.ib necettewianoc ntt iyopne s fore xpreascstitinyogpn (e tesch oncelpetvuaeanlld)
anidn dilva icdtuiiasosun psp obrytt hfoeerd the lafonreg xupargeeis nsdiinlvag ic dtuiaonass (the
mali. sPmlaanrsse e eansc ompalcetxi onss ertlli eo)vnP.eall aanrsbe u iblytt e moprarlellya ting
whopsreo peprotsiseisb ly tcihmaen.ge a cwtitityohpni e nasc omposlwi atuyis ointnahgte e mpo
Thef ormraelp reselnatnagtuuiasogeinedn raclo nstrauvlcaatiboilrntes hl ea nguIantg hewi.as y ,
thpiasp ieasrd escrliopgtaiinciod,itn s prosintchteee mproerlaalt iaorpners ohopipepersr oaft ors
videda w weiltlh fosuynndtseaedxm ,a ntictsh bea sliacn g,ut ahdgeie stibnecttwiaeocetnni a onnds
ancda lcAullguosr.fi ottrhhs meus b sumptipolna dniss apApsea am rast.to effc ra,t w ed on onte ed
anrde cognit-ifoornm itnthgabe sa ksfsio sr distlianngcgetufs ao r oabnjsdet carttesep sr esentation,
actmiaonnga eme-anrtpe r ovided. fort imree pernettsiaofnoa,rc tiroenpsr etsi,eoa nnntda
foprl arnesp reisoenn.t at
Thbea stiecmo prlaaln gwueap greo piosasc eoc nept
1
INTRODUCTION lang[uNaeg,be1 e 9]l9i,e0. .a d escrliopgtoifitc oh ne
1
KL-ONfEa iml,ya nidt i si nspbiyrt ehde work of
Thgeo oalft hwiosr ikts o i nvesatf iomgraafrlta em e[Schmi1e99d0eT]lh.,e oufs ceao ncleapntgg etu oa
wortkh paet rmdietasl intgi maweci,tt iahon pndlsn a s
repredsiernetc tlayn pdal cadtnei socnr iapltlioownss
inau niforAmso wpaspyeotd.ot hmeo scto mmaopn
ust oe xpltohiet diedveaesli onp ectdoh nec leapnt
proacmhoedse altciotn igaos sn tsa te -ec.h,tag hn.eg e
gugaefsa imllyi,pk reo cefodrsu urbessu m,cp ltasisoinfi
formamlo deblasso ends ituactaliucos[Mun cl Crathyc atainoidnn straenccoeg [nHiotlilouennta d l,1e .9r9 0;
andH aye1s69,9 t]h,Se T RIPpSl-nlaniisknyegs teNmesb ,e1 l9]9.I0n t hpiasp weerp resaec natl ctuol us
[Lifsict,h1z 897-]w hearcet iaornes instantcahneescoukub ss uambnptedtw ieoaencn t itoynpse st,or eacnd
definaesfd u ncftriooomnnss et attoae n otwhepe rre,
ognwihzietc yhpo efa cthiaotsna kpealnca et c ear tain
fetroe xpliicnittrlotydh nueoc teio fot ni mbeya d
timienr tvefraolm otbhsee rovfwa htaitoh nai psp ening
mitttihnaagtc titoanktsei mlei,ik ne[A ll,1e n991].
int hweo rAl pdl.a tna xonboamsye sdu bosnu mption
Allbeuni alr desp resebnatsoaenttd ii omenel ,i minat
cabne b uialntid,ct a pnly at hreo olfaep lalni brary
intgh neo toifos nt aatsee n coidnte hdSe T RIPS-like
tob eu sefodrp larnert ieavnapdll n ar ecogtnsaiktsi on
systbeymm esa onfps r encidoti-ocnasu -saenspd o st[Kaut1z9,. 9 1]
contdiio-neesffc .tT shifosr maliinsso imtn tetnod ed
captaunrsyee nosfce a usabluiitrtt e yp,r easnae cntSse vetreamolpr eaxlt enosfic ooann scl eapntg euxage
tiboynd escrtihbteii nmcgeo uorfs ee wvhenittlhsee i stt hileni te:rC altauuBrdeeitoti in[Bn eit ,t1 i9n9i2]
actoicocn.u B ressiudnelsi,k eS -SlsTiyRksIetP aenm sa,n [dB ett1i9n9pi3r,]o paov saersi abelxet-efrnesei on
acttiaoknte is:mt eheinit,ps o sstiodb elfiewn hea t is
1C oncleapntg uaaragele sso Fcraalmlee-dDB easscerdi p
*Curraedndtr eLsdass:-e CbN,R1 3-502P0 adoPvDa, tioLna nguaTegremSs u,b sumLpatnigounTa egremsi,n o
Itlay logiLcoagliT casx,o nLoomgioicrc D se scription Logics.
4 AArt.a alneEd .F a rnconi
witbho tehx islta ennudtn ieiarvstaelm pqouraanlt ifiC,D E I
--+ (non-temporcaoln cept)
Lciattim[D1oae9nn]v9-;, aa2 annrnbdeLdu ci et[Wnme1tadi9lnaay9,a n 1 nLd[d]iW te ,mi1 ad9na]9 4and cn D I (conjunction)
C LJ ID
propao sleoh oysbeir nitde gbreattwiceooennn c ept (disjunction)
- C@XI
languaanrgdee ssp ercetgiuvelexaplrry e asnsdi ocnosn (qualifier)
strnaeitnwt o[Srckhsm;i 1e9d9pe0rlo],p aov seeresyx C[Y]@IX (substitutqiuvael ifier)
presbsuiutvn ed ebclileda angwuiagtveha riaanbdl es <>(X+)rc +. C
(existentqiuaaln tifier)
tempoqruaaln ti[Sficehri1sl99;d3p ,]r optohseeem s E,F --+ AI (atomicco ncept)
beddoifpn ogi- nbtasteedno spee raitnao p rrso posi
tioncallolcsyoe ndc leapntg -uhaigised ehaasvb ee en TI (top)
EnF I
appliinteh de BtAeCrnKmo ilorgeipcraels seynstation (conjunction)
tem[L;a mbarniRdxo nnq,1u 9i]s9s t3tutdhyce o mbi E FI (disjunction)
LJ
natoifo ntt ehmoepr laolg LiIcTw Eh,e trhene o toifo n P lq I (agreement)
objiesrc etv ifrsoembd e iannig n diveinstiiibntltyeo E
(selection)
beiant ge mplos rtarucotfvu erres, ai onandt s ermi P :
nololgoigciacl[S. o nagIn nCd o he1n9,9t 1e]mo,pra l p, q --+ fI (atomifce ature)
constbreatiwnetesn anaidct tdsie ocnosm psousbed (atomipca ra.metrifce ature)
acti-ionnts hc eo ntehxite roalfpr lcahni-ncaiarneg p O q (featucrhea in)
madeex plfircotimhts e t ruocftt uhprele a no,r dienr Tc --+ (X (R)Y ) (temporaclo nstraint)
toi mrpovteh e roefps luarlnet csio tg.in on R,S R SI
--+ ' (disjunction)
s mIiI If.
Ourpr oosparle dutcheeesx press[Sicvhimtiye doefl , . . (Allen'rsel ations)
199i0nt] h e diorf[We ecditaai noLdn i tnm,1a 992]X;,Y --+ UI X IY I. .. (temporavla riables)
int hwiasyw ,eo btaad ienc idlaobgwliiecta sh o und
Fig1urS:ye n trauxlf eotsrh tee mploarnaglu age.
ancdo mpsluebtseu maplotgrtiihomnH. o wever, while
[WeiadnaLd i tnm,1a 9]9u s2tew doi ffeforremnatl isms
tor epraecsteinaotnn ds p-lana ontnse mplco ornacept
Bastiycp oefts h lea ngauracego ecn epitnsd,i avlisd,u
langfuoarg e deascctriiaobnniadsns ge cofnodr mal
tepmorvaalr iaanbidln evtsae lArsc .o ncieasdp ets crip
istmoc omppolsaebn yas d ditnegm pionrfoarlm ation
tigoant hetrhcieon mgm porno pearmtoinaecg so llec
- wceh ooanse ex tensaid oens corlfio pgwtihiceo rne
tioofni ndiviCdounaclecspa.dtn es s cerniitbeioestf
timoep eraatraoevr lasai bdlier ecttelrcymo nasst ruc
thweo rsltda,te veesn,Tt emsp.o lrv aariadbelneost e
torTsh.iv si eiwm plainie nst egorfat teaim oplndo ora
intaelbrsov ubnydt emporal bcyom nesatonrfsa ints,
maiinnt hsee masnttriucc ture where terms themselves
whiacbhs ttreamcptlpo artatientr hnfoesr mo fc on
arien teer,dpg rievttihneg formala ww ealyl both for
stranienttw aorreekx sp rde.Cs osnece(prte.is sn pdi
founndoetdoi fso unb sumapntfdio porrn o vsionugn d
viducaalbnse s) p ectiofih eodla dt cear tianitanel r v
nesasnc do mtpelneoefts hsce o rresaplogntodhr.imi ng
vari(arbe.l svepa ldueef)i bnyte hdce o nstnreatint
Moreowveae rrae,b leb utitolep dmo rsatlr uecdat cur
worIkn.t hwiasy a,c ttiyopn(e rse isnpid.v idaucal
tio-nasso ppotsoae tdo maicct i-doenssc rhiobwi ng
tiso)cn abne reprienasu ennitfoweradmby y t empo
thweo rsltda cthea nbgeeucssa oeft hoec currence of
ralrleyl actoendc( erpe.ti ssnp divsi)d.u al
ana ct.iI onfnc a,to ulra ngaulalgfoeow fersa turreep
renstea,ta isso ungges[Hteeidn seiotanh l, 1n .99 ]2i,n Conceexpeptsr si(odnesn boytC e,d a Drb)eu iolutt
ordteorr e laactteit oosn tsao tfte hswe o rld. ofa tomcioccne p(tdse nboytA e),da tomfaeitceu sr
(denboyt! e,)da tompiacr amfeaettreuis(rc d enoted
Thpea pieosrr ganifzoeldlT ohawfoessr .m laaln guage2
by* g ancdo nstrinatienvreavdra il(a dbelnebosyt ed
ifisr isntt robdyup creesde,in tstsyi nxnat gna d asnem )
X,Y )a ccortdoti hneg abstrrauclotef fis gs yntax
tiactsb otthhc eo ncaenpidt n divliedvueTalhlse .
ur13e. F otrh e ibnatsaeilrrc ev lawteiu ostnehs e same
subsumapntidin osntr aenccoeg pnriotbialorenem sfo r
notaatsii n[Ao ln l1e9n]9,: 1f ob(rebe,m ) eetsd ur
maldleyfi nientd h friasm ekw.oE rxampolfae pspc ali (m ),
tiooftn h tee moprlaaln gfuoaargc eta inopdnl raenrp ein(dg ) o,v er(lo ,)as ptsa (sr )tfi,sn is(fh )ee,qs u (=a ),l
sentaantrdie oans oanrpiern egs einsnte ecdt3 iT.oh ne afetr(a) ,m et-(mb)iyc, ont(adiion)vs,e rla(piop,)e d-by
calciusl ufisbn railreleflyvy de ,bay ll eookfiintrgosa t start(eisd)fi-,nb iys h(efdi-)b.y
normfoarlmfo rc onceexpptr e,s saitnohdnet snot heT emporvaarli aarbieln etsr obdytu hcteee dm pleo xrias
algtohrmfisos ru bsumapntidin osntr aenccoeg nitteinoqtnui.aa nlt "iOfi"Ve.ar r iaabplpeesai rnti enmgp oral
constsrhaoibuneldt des c laretdh seaw mitete hm-ipno
2 THET EMPORALL ANGUAGE
2Nam efsoa rt omfieca taunradet so mpiacr amfeetaric
turaerse tfhrseoa mma el phoafsb yemtb tohless ;y mbol
Wei ntroidnu csteeh citsti htoeen m plol ranaguaigsne oi.tn teansdo epde rabtuootnr la,ys d ieffre* nttihaet ing
Pursuiindge at[Sshc eho mfi 1e99d0,ea] lni, n rtvealtwsoy ntatcytpiecs .
basteedmo preaxlt enscioonncl eaopnaftgg ueisn viess 3Thsey ntrauxla eresex prefsolsloewdit nhtger adition
tiegdaA.t w efluoln dseydn taansxde manftotirhc eso fc oncleapntgg eu[Hsao lluentad l,1e. r9] 9.I0c ta bner ead
languiasgg ieva ennad fo rmadle finiotfti hosenu base,. igCf. i sac onceexpptr easnsXdi iosant emporal
sumptainroden c ognition irdsee avsiosnevidan.rg i tathbaeClns@e Xk,i ssa c onceexpptr e.s sion
AC ompuotnaAatclic ofuoanrD t e csrtiipLogoni ocfT i ema nAdct ion5
Boipla-gShteit
oft haec ttiyopbnee idnegfi nreeedfr:r tion wgii tth in
thdee finiitsai neo xnp lwiacyti ott e mrpaolrleyl ate
Makeg-hSeptatBio il staatneadsc tioocncsu rirni wntoghr ewl idt h respect
tot hoec curorfte hnaecc et iitosnTe hleft .e mopral
-------
x const(r axUi )sn tbta tes ittnheaarldtv e ntohbteye d
Figu2r:Te em pordaelp endetnhcdeie efisn iotfi on
thBeo li-pSahgetatcit. i onm xs houbel d befoirnet aeldtr heven otUei,d . tebh.ye
occurirnetaneolcr ftev h e actBioloi-n Stpeyatipgt.eh
Fig2us rheo twhste e mpdoerpaeln doeftnh ciein etse r
valws hhiit nch e cBonolci-eSphpttea tghio lds.
raqlu antwiifittehher ex, c epotfti hsoepn e vcairaila ble
UT.em poral vaaprpieaabarlttie hrnseig g hhatns di deA sa morceo mpelxeaxm plleCeth, , eM fake-Spa
ofa" @o"pe raatroer cbailnled.eCa dob nlcepts gshheotMutalidk, et -uFcnecetai nBd oibel atcoomnic
noitn cluundbeo (ua n.dkf .reae)b. i dnal bev raiablceesp,*t AsG,Eb eNa Tna tompiacr amfeetuarrtaienc yd
witthhe ex cepotfti hsoepn e lcv airaiUaa;bb lien dabblee t ae mrpavola rlieaW.be c adne sctrhicebls easo f
variiassb alitedo b eb ouinnda c oncieifp tits d e"naya ctoifoa c nh feb oilinagfte rhp vaaisnmtgaa d e
claartte hdne e arteesmtp qouraanlti intfi hbeeor do yf spaegthotrfite tu"ca'cs i:n z
whiicothc c.uM rosreoivnce hra,ic noends trtuhcet s of
Biol-Pa as::t::::
for(mC( [1Y@JX)1[2][email protected]). n obni ndvaabrliea bles
. Oy( yU .)b
shonuoltd appetahnrao nmcwoeir,te h e xtcheep tion
oft hsep evcairaila ble U. (*AG:EC NhTen f B oinl
(Makeh-teStpiMa agkeet-tFiuncec)) @y
Int hilsa nguuanglei[,kS ec hmi1e9d9Be0el;t,, t ini LJ
19]9i,2it ns o pto sstioeb xlpert ehnsees g attehde oeTfxh pea ramfeetuarrt*ieAc G pElNyasTt hreo olffero mal
istlet netmipaqouraanlt iiitfias er rg:ut ehdat htde u alp aramoeftt haeecr t tiyoBpneo il-mPaapsptainany,g
of -i.teh.ue n eirvstaelmo prqaula ntDi- lfieeard isn stoaftn hcaeec tiitosnte ol ofiw tnas g einntd,e pen
0
thsea tisfiparboib-llaientmtdy h seu bsum-pftoirod nen ftrloym Tthioemc ec.u rtriemoneftc hede ij nsuc
thlea ngtuoa guebne d eci[HdaalbpalenerSd nh oh,a mtive acMtaikoenh- teStytppiaMe ga kFee-ttiuncec
LJ
1991V;ene m1a9,9 B0et;t 1i99n3.i] , isbo utnodt hyei nrtve,aw lhileo cctuhretr iemnecse
of* AG:EhCNe,TBf oainlBd io l-tPaiat ssaerilemf p lic
Conceexpptr esarsiein otnesr ipnro eultro egdoi vce r
itbloyu tnotd h Uei nrtve.aP lelasneo tteh awth,ea rse
paiorfts ep morianlvt aesal rnidn idviald(suai ),,m eantheex istaenidnd ceen otfti ht*eyA GoEftN hTae c tion
intgh tahtie n dilv iidsut haieenx tenosfti hcoeon n
a iisn deenpdfreonmtt imiect,a b ne qudailffiefireedn tly
ceapttt he iinI.tafe c rovnacileis pn tt etnod edde note
ind iffeirnetnetor ftv ai,lme se. tgh fea tctht ai its a
ana cttihoenin,ti sn terpcraebntes a eteaisnto hnse e tC heinsfe cestsraourneila lytty h Uei nterval.
ofi ndivaicdtuioaoftln h sa t octcyupera rtsi onmigen
terval. Thtee moprsaulb stiqtuuatlCii[vfiYeeX] r,r@ enames
the vaYr,wi iatbhCli,etn oX anidt i sa w ayo f
Withaic no npctte,h sep elc viUaa riraebflteeotr hs e
makicnoger reefbnectew tewetone mrpavola riianb les
4
geneirnitcea rtwv hailtc hhce o ncietpshteo dllsf;i n
diffesrceon-ptie .sd ee.c lianr eddi tffeemorpreanlt
thcea osfe acitrtie ofetnrotss h, te e mplio nrtaaelar tv
quantiTfhiiiesusr s se.f ul wahlerne daeudfsyii nnegd
whitchhae c tiono cics.tuA sr ceolnfch eoplatdt as n concneapmteA ssa. n e xmaplBeio,l -Pcaosubtlead
inteXr ivifait ls temqpuoarlaailtXfil e -ywd r ittreend efbiysn iemdrp elnya mtihtneeg mo prvaalr ixa ble
C@Xi;nt hwiasye ,v eorcyc urorfee nmUcb ee didne wdi tBhioiln -Spaghetti:
Ci isn terapstr heXet v eadr iSaibnlacence.yo nciesp t
implitceimtploqyru aalllaiyttfi hesedp eUcv iaarlli ea,bB iol-P::a::s::t a
it nointse cestsoea xrpyl iqcuiiaftlcylo yn caetpU t.s O y( yU )(b*. A G:EC NhTe f
n
Thtee mopreaxli stqeunatnitiainlfit erroi dnutaceler sv (Bo-ipSlaghetti[x]@y
LJ
vraiabrleelsae,ta ecodht haenrpd o sstiotb hlUevy a ri (BoiMla kFee-ttiunce)c@)y )
n
abilnae wdaeyfi nbeytd hs eeo tft epmoarclo nstraints.
Thei nfomremaanloi fna cg o ncweiptatht emopralT hea sserBtoiioln-( iP,)as satytash ati sa ni n
existqeunatnitailcfi acbnae tu inodne rwsittothoh de d iviadcutaoilfto ynp Beiosal -PaansBdat oaia tlt h e
folloewxianmgpi lnte hsae c tdioomna [Wieind aan d inteir,v awilhit eis il teoh fte yrpM ea keh-eSptoatrgi
Litnm,1a 9]9.2 oft ypMea ket-uFcneceatit s omien taeljrp vreceding
i.M oreotvhesera ,ma es rsteiiomlnpi tehsa itsr e
Biol-gShtpeta::i:: :: lateadnd GtEo,N Tsb aw,yh iicoshft ypCeha ae tft h e
Ox (U.x)( Bbon i Mla ke-eStptaig@hx) inteir:v al
Boli-Shpteatgdie nobtyde esfi,n iatniayoc nto,ic on Biol-P(ai)s, t a
curraitn gsi onmtees ruvctahhl aa tne veonfBt io l a ===>
3bB.o ial)(*/\iA ,G EbN/\)T C (hf e(bi/\) ,
inogc cautrt shs ea mtei maena dn e veonftt y pMea a,
ke-Shtpeatogic cautrs som per eceidnitneTgrh vea l.3 jb.(,i j /\) ( Makeh-eSitjp(,t)a Vg
a
Ui ntaelcr ovubleud n derasstt ohooecd c urtriimneg Maket-uFcnecejt,i() )
a
4Thivsa riiasub slluela cya lNlOeW.d W ep renfoettro
adosputca nh a mbee,c aiuctso eub lemd i sdlienag.
