Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology

745 Pages·2013·38.307 MB·English

by  John D. Winter

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Principles of
Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology
ISBN 978-1-29202-153-9
John D. Winter
Second Edition
9 781292 021539
Principles of
Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology
John D. Winter
Second Edition
ISBN 10: 1-292-02153-5
ISBN 13: 978-1-292-02153-9
Pearson Education Limited
Edinburgh Gate
Harlow
Essex CM20 2JE
England and Associated Companies throughout the world
Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk
© Pearson Education Limited 2014
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
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book by such owners.
ISBN 10: 1-292-02153-5
ISBN 13: 978-1-292-02153-9
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Printed in the United States of America
111122235891469131391511357999
P E A R S O N C U S T O M L I B R AR Y
Table of Contents
Abbreviations and Acronyms
John D. Winter 1
1. Some Fundamental Concepts
John D. Winter 3
2. Classification and Nomenclature of Igneous Rocks
John D. Winter 25
3. Textures of Igneous Rocks
John D. Winter 37
4. Igneous Structures and Field Relationships
John D. Winter 59
5. An Introduction to Thermodynamics
John D. Winter 89
6. The Phase Rule and One- and Two-Component Systems
John D. Winter 99
7. Systems with More Than Two Components
John D. Winter 119
8. Chemical Petrology I: Major and Minor Elements
John D. Winter 141
9. Chemical Petrology II: Trace Elements and Isotopes
John D. Winter 165
10. Mantle Melting and the Generation of Basaltic Magma
John D. Winter 191
11. Magma Diversity
John D. Winter 211
12. Layered Mafic Intrusions
John D. Winter 233
I
223333444445556666581369156994680368797995555191137533
13. Oceanic Intraplate Volcanism
John D. Winter 257
14. Mid-Ocean Ridge Volcanism
John D. Winter 289
15. Continental Flood Basalts
John D. Winter 317
16. Subduction-Related Igneous Activity, Part I: Island Arcs
John D. Winter 339
17. Subduction-Related Igneous Activity, Part II: Continental Arcs
John D. Winter 369
18. Granitoid Rocks
John D. Winter 395
19. Continental Alkaline Magmatism
John D. Winter 415
20. Anorthosites
John D. Winter 455
21. An Introduction to Metamorphism
John D. Winter 465
22. A Classification of Metamorphic Rocks
John D. Winter 491
23. Structures and Textures of Metamorphic Rocks
John D. Winter 499
24. Stable Mineral Assemblages in Metamorphic Rocks
John D. Winter 541
25. Metamorphic Facies and Metamorphosed Mafic Rocks
John D. Winter 561
26. Metamorphic Reactions
John D. Winter 583
27. Thermodynamics of Metamorphic Reactions
John D. Winter 607
28. Metamorphism of Pelitic Sediments
John D. Winter 635
29. Metamorphism of Calcareous and Ultramafic Rocks
John D. Winter 663
30. Metamorphic Fluids, Mass Transport, and Metasomatism
John D. Winter 683
II
777771122237579
Appendix: Estimating the Density and Viscosity of Silicate Melts
John D. Winter 713
Appendix: The CIPW Norm
John D. Winter 717
Units and Constants
John D. Winter 725
Periodic Table of the Elements
John D. Winter 727
Index 729
III
IV
Abbreviations and Acronyms
Mineral Abbreviations (after Kretz, 1983; and Spear, 1993 and Fettes, 2007).
Acm acmite Grt garnet Per periclase
Act actinolite Ged gedrite Prv perovskite
Ab albite Gln glaucophane Phg phengite
Aeg aegirine Gr graphite Phl phlogopite
Aln allanite Grs grossularite Pgt pigeonite
Alm almandine Gru grunerite Pl plagioclase
Als aluminosilicate Hs hastingsite Prh prehnite
Am amphibole Hd hedenbergite Pen protoenstatite
Anl analcime Hem hematite Pmp pumpellyite
And andalusite Hc hercynite Py pyrite
Ads andesine Hul heulandite Prp pyrope
Adr andradite Hbl hornblende Px pyroxene
Afs Alkali feldspar Ill illite Prl pyrophyllite
Ank ankerite Ilm ilmenite Po pyrrhotite
Ann annite Jd jadeite Qtz quartz
An anorthite Krs kaersutite Rbk riebeckite
Ath anthophyllite Kls kalsilite Rt rutile
Atg antigorite Kln kaolinite Sa sanidine
Ap apatite Kfs K-feldspar Spr sapphirine
Arg aragonite Krn kornerupine Scp scapolite
Aug augite Ky kyanite Ser sericite
Brl beryl Lmt laumontite Srp serpentine
Bt biotite Lws lawsonite Sd siderite
Brc brucite Lpd lepidolite Sil sillimanite
Cal calcite Lct leucite Sdl sodalite
Chl chlorite Liq or L liquid (silicate melt) Sps spessartine
Cld chloritoid Lz lizardite Spn sphene/titanite
Ctl chrysotile Mrb magnesio-riebeckite Spl spinel
Cam Ca-clinoamphibole Mgs magnesite Spd spodumene
Cen clinoenstatite Mt magnetite St staurolite
Cfs clinoferrosilite Mrg margarite Stb stilbite
Cpx Ca-clinopyroxene Mei meionite Stp stilpnomelane
Czo clinozoisite Mel melilite Sti stishovite
Coe coesite Mw merwinite Tlc talc
Crd cordierite Mc microcline Ttn titanite (sphene)
Crn corundum Mnz monazite Toz topaz
Crs cristobalite Mtc monticellite Tur tourmaline
Cum cummingtonite Mnt montmorillonite Tr tremolite
Di diopside Mul mullite Trd tridymite
Dol dolomite Ms muscovite Ts tschermakite
Eck eckermanite Ntr natrolite Usp ulvöspinel
Ed edenite Ne Nepheline Uvt uvarovite
En enstatite (ortho) Olg oligoclase V vapor/fluid
Ep epidote Ol olivine Ves vesuvianite
Fa fayalite Omp omphacite Wai wairakite
Fsp feldspar Oam orthoamphibole Wo wollastonite
Fac ferro-actinolite Or orthoclase Wus wüstite
Fed ferro-edenite Opx orthopyroxene Xtm xenotime
Fs ferrosilite Osm osumilite Zeo zeolite
Fts ferro-tschermakite Pg paragonite Zrc zircon
Fo forsterite Prg pargasite Zo zoisite
From Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology, Second Edition, John D. Winter.
Copyright © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
1
Other Abbreviations and Acronyms
AA Atomic absorption analysis HREE Heavy rare earth elements φ # of phases: phase rule
AFC Assimilation + fractional ICP Induction-coupled plasma p Partial pressure of CO
CO2 2
crystallization analysis p Partial pressure of HO
AMGC Proterozoic anorthosite- IMP Ion micropobe PHH2EOM Primitive helium man2tle†
mangerite-charnockite- INAA Instrumental neutron PER Pearce Element Ratios
granite magmatic suite activation analysis ppm Parts per million
b.p. Before present IUGS International Union of PREMA Prevalent mantle†
BSE Bulk standard Earth Geological Sciences R Gas constant (see front cover)
C Common mantle†(or # of K Reaction constant RCMP Rheological critical melt
components: phase rule) L , L . . . Successive metamorphic percentage for extraction
1 2
CFB Continental flood basalt lineations REE Rare earth elements
CHUR Chondrite uniform reservoir, LA-ICPMS Laser-ablation inductively S, S . . . Successive metemorphic
1 2
an isotopic standard coupled plasma mass foliations
CRBG Columbia River Basalt Group spectometry SCLM Sub-continental lithospheric
CSD Crystal size distribution LMI Layered mafic intrusion mantle
CVZ Central volcanic zone (Andes) LIL Large-ion lithophile elements SCMR IUGS Subcommission on
D Distribution coefficient LIP Large igneous province the Systematics of
D, D . . . Successive deformational LOI Loss on ignition Metamorphic Rocks
1 2
events LPO Lattice preferred mineral SIAM A granite classification
DevAL Deviation from Axial orientation scheme
Linearity (on MORs) LREE Light rare earth elements SMOW Std. mean ocean water, an
DM (DMM) Depleted (MORB) mantle† M, M . . . Successive metamorphic events oxygen isotope standard
1 2
DPO Dimensional preferred MAR Mid-Atlantic Ridge SVZ Southern volcanic zone
mineral orientation MASH Crustal melting, assimilation, (Andes)
DSDP Deep-sea drilling project storage, and homogen- T Temperature
DUPAL Enriched Pb-isotope ization by underplated t time
component mafic magmas T-MORB Transitional MORB
E-MORB Enriched MORB Mg# 100 Mg/(Mg + Fe2+) TIMS Thermal ionization mass
EM Enriched mantle† MOR Mid-Ocean Ridge spectometry
EPR East Pacfic Rise MORB Mid-ocean ridge basalt TLA Three letter acronym
F Variance (phase rule) or N-MORB Normal MORB TTG Archean tonalitetrondhjemite-
fraction of melt to solids NHRL Northern hemisphere reference granodiorite suite
f Oxygen fugacity line (Pb isotopes) UHP Ultra-high pressure (crustal
O2
FeO* wt.% FeO + 0.8998(Fe O) NVZ Northern volcanic zone metamorphism
2 3
FeO* wt.% Fe O + 1.113(FeO) (Andes) UHT Ultra-high temperature
2 3 2 3
FOZO Focal zone mantle† OIA Ocean island alkaline basalt (metamorphism)
h Depth to subducted slab OIB Ocean island basalt X Composition
beneath volcanic front OIT Ocean island tholeiite XRF X-ray fluorescence analysis
HIMU Hi-μ mantle (Pb enriched)† OP Oceanic (volcanic) plateau σ σ σ Maximum, intermediate,
1 2 3
HFS High field strength elements OSC Overlapping Spreading Center and minimum principal
HFU Heat flow unit (4.2 ×10–6 (on MORs) stresses
joules/cm2/sec) P Pressure
†Proposed mantle isotopic reservoirs.
2
Some Fundamental Concepts
From Chapter 1 of Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology, Second Edition, John D. Winter.
Copyright © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
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