Table Of ContentPRINCIPLES OF ENERGY
PRINCIPLES OF ENERGY
Editor
Richard M. Renneboog, MsC
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Names:Renneboog,Richard,editor.
Title:Principlesofenergy/editor,RichardM.Renneboog.
Description:Ipswich,Massachusetts:SalemPress,adivisionofEBSCOInformationServices,Inc.;
Amenia,NY:GreyHousePublishing,[2021]|Series:Principlesof|Includesbibliographical
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Identifiers:ISBN9781642657647
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Contents
Publisher’sNote .......................... vii EnergyPayback.......................... 120
Introduction.............................. ix EnergyPolicy............................ 122
Contributors ............................. xv EnergyPoverty .......................... 130
EnergyStorageTechniques ................ 132
AerobicCellularRespiration.................. 1 Enthalpy ............................... 135
AirConditioning........................... 4 Entropy................................ 137
AlternativeEnergy ......................... 7 Exergy................................. 138
Ampère,André-Marie...................... 12 ExternalCombustionEngine............... 140
AnimalPower ............................ 14 Faraday,Michael......................... 145
AtomicEnergyCommission................. 18 Flex-FuelVehicles(FFV)................... 147
Batteries ................................ 21 Flywheels............................... 149
Biodiesel................................ 26 FossilFuels ............................. 151
BiomassEnergy........................... 29 Franklin,Benjamin....................... 156
Boilers.................................. 33 Frequency .............................. 159
BreederReactors.......................... 37 FuelCellsandEnergyEfficiency............. 161
BuildingEnvelope ........................ 38 FundamentalsofEnergy................... 164
Capacity(Electricity)....................... 41 GasEnergyTransmission .................. 171
CellulosicEthanol......................... 43 GasolineandOtherPetroleumFuels .........172
Chernobyl............................... 45 GeothermalandHydrothermalEnergy.......175
ChinaSyndrome(NuclearMeltdown) .........49 GeothermalEnergy....................... 182
Clausius,Rudolf .......................... 51 Gibbs,JosiahWillard ..................... 185
ClimateandWeather ...................... 53 GreenBuildings ......................... 187
ClimateNeutrality ........................ 58 GreenEnergyCertification................. 190
CoalandEnergyProduction................. 60 GreenhouseGasesandHumanIndustry ......193
CogenerationandElectricityGeneration.......69 HeatTransfer ........................... 201
ColdFusion.............................. 72 Helmholtz,Hermannvon ................. 204
CommunicationtoGarnerSupportfor Hertz,Heinrich.......................... 206
EnergyDevelopment .................... 74 High-IntensityLight-EmittingDiodes
ComputersandEnergyUse ................. 79 (LEDs)andEnergyConservation.......... 208
CornEthanol ............................ 81 HybridVehiclesandEnergySecurity .........211
Dams................................... 85 IndustrialRevolutionandMachinePower.....215
Daylighting.............................. 89 InternalCombustionEngine ............... 221
Demand-SideManagement(DSM) ........... 91 Isotopes,Radioactive ..................... 224
Diesel,Rudolf............................ 93 Isotopes,Stable.......................... 226
Einstein,Albert........................... 97 Joule,James ............................ 229
ElectricGrids ........................... 100 KineticEnergy .......................... 233
ElectricPotential......................... 103 LiquidFluidEnergyTransmission........... 235
ElectricityEnergyTransmission,Secondary....106 MechanicalEnergyTransmission............ 239
Embodiedenergy ........................ 108 NaturalEnergyFlows..................... 243
EnergyandPower........................ 111 NaturalGas............................. 244
EnergyConservation...................... 113 NuclearPowerPlants ..................... 250
EnergyIndependenceandSecurity OceanCurrentEnergy .................... 255
Actof2007 ........................... 116 OceanThermalEnergyConversion.......... 256
EnergyIntensity ......................... 118 OceanWaveEnergy ...................... 258
v
Contents Principles of Energy
OilandPetroleum........................ 261 Thompson,Benjamin(CountRumford) ......330
OilShaleandTarSands................... 267 Thomson,JosephJohn.................... 332
Otto,Nikolaus........................... 269 Thomson,William(LordKelvin) ............ 334
Photovoltaics(PVs)....................... 273 TidalPowerGeneration ................... 336
PotentialEnergy ......................... 277 UnitsofMeasurement .................... 341
Propane................................ 280 U.S.DepartmentofEnergy(DOE)........... 344
Rankine,William ........................ 283 Volta,Alessandro......................... 349
RenewableEnergy........................ 284 WasteHeatRecovery...................... 353
RenewableEnergyResources ............... 289 Watt,James............................. 355
RotationalPower......................... 294 Watt................................... 357
SadiCarnot............................. 299 WaveProperties.......................... 359
SolarConcentrator....................... 300 Wavelength ............................. 360
SolarEnergy............................ 303 Westinghouse,George .................... 363
SolarThermalSystems.................... 309 WheatEthanol .......................... 366
SteamandSteamTurbines................. 312 WillisCarrierandAirConditioning.......... 368
SteamEngines .......................... 313 WindEnergy............................ 370
Stirling,Robert.......................... 315 WorkandEnergy ........................ 375
SugarBeetEthanol....................... 317 Work-EnergyTheorem.................... 378
SugarcaneEthanol ....................... 319
SunDay................................ 322 Bibliography............................ 381
Tesla,Nikola............................ 323 Glossary................................ 405
Thermochemistry........................ 326 Organizations ........................... 429
ThermodynamicsandEnergy............... 328 SubjectIndex ........................... 431
vi
Publisher’s Note
GreyHousePublishingispleasedtoaddPrinciplesofEnergytoitsSalemPresscollectionof
PrinciplesofSciencetitles.Coveringmorethantwentytopics,includingMarineScience,As-
tronomy,ComputerScience,PhysicalScience,Biology,Botany,Mathematics,andInformationTech-
nology,thisseriesintroducesstudentsandresearcherstothefundamentalsofthesescientific
topicsusingeasy-to-understandlanguageforasolidbackgroundandadeeperunderstand-
ingandappreciation.MajorcategoriesinPrinciplesofEnergyincludeprinciples,historical
discoveries,alternativeenergy,sustainableenergy,biographiesofenergyscientists,andthe
futureofenergy.
The122entriescontainthefollowinghelpfulsections:
(cid:129) FieldsofStudytoillustratetheconnectionsbetweenthetopicandthevariousbranches
ofsciencerelatedtothestudyofenergy;
(cid:129) Abstract provides a brief, concrete summary of the topic and how the entry is orga-
nized;
(cid:129) KeyConceptsintroducetheterminologyusedintheentry;
(cid:129) Imagesandchartsillustratekeyconceptssuchasfuelcells,alternativeenergysources,
energyintensity,energygrids,historicalinventions,conservationenergyratings,and
pipelines,plusphotosofindividuals;
(cid:129) FurtherReadinglistsadditionalsourcesrelatedtothestudyofenergy.
ThisworkbeginswithacomprehensiveEditor’sIntroductiontothetopicofenergywritten
by volume editor Richard Renneboog. This discussion starts with the Sun—the biggest
sourceofenergyknowntoman—andgoesontoexplainthefourmaintypesofenergyiden-
tified throughout the centuries: chemical energy, mechanical energy, nuclear energy, and
gravitationalenergy.Entries,arrangedinAtoZorder,rangefromAerobicCellularRespira-
tiontoWork-EnergyTheorumandeverythinginbetween.
Followingtheentries,PrinciplesofEnergyendswithhelpfulappendices:Bibliography;Glos-
sary;Organizations;andSubjectIndex.
SalemPressandGreyHousePublishingextendtheirappreciationtoallinvolvedinthede-
velopmentandproductionofthiswork.AlistofcontributorsfollowtheEditor’sIntroduc-
tion.
PrinciplesofEnergy,aswellasallSalemPressreferencebooks,isavailableinprintandasan
e-book.Pleasevisitwww.salempress.comformoreinformation.
vii
Introduction
Thestoryofenergyinthemodernworldisasagathat ofthephysicalworldandaccordeditacorresponding
spans literally billions of years. But the question of reverence.IntheMiddleAges,enlightenedscientific
whatenergyisisnoteasily,orsimply,answered.Ofall approachestothephysicalworldwereignoredorne-
conceptsinphysics,theconceptofenergyisperhaps glected.Educatedalchemists,clerics,andnaturalphi-
themostelusiveanddifficultofthemall.Everyonehas losophersoftheMiddleAgesbelievedtheSunandthe
aninnatesenseofwhatbroadlyconstitutesenergy.A stars were holes in the sky through which light from
fullychargedbatteryhasalotofenergy,averyactive HeavenfounditswaytoEarth.
childhasalotofenergy,anatomicbombreleasesalot Following the European Renaissance, scientific in-
ofenergy,asdoesafirecracker,waterrushingdowna vestigation regained its importance and emerged in
dry riverbed in a flash flood, or a big, slow-moving themid-eighteenthcenturyastheIndustrialRevolu-
river.Thedictionaryshowstwoofficialdefinitions:the tion.Themostabundantandimportantsourceofheat
strengthandvitalityrequiredforsustainedphysicalor and light in the world at that time was that of a
mental activity; and, power derived from the utiliza- white-hotcoal fire, and scientists speculated that the
tion of physical or chemical resources, especially to Sunwasahugemassofburningcoalinspace.Given
providelightandheatortoworkmachines. what was known about coal at the time, calculations
Tobegintounderstandwhatenergyis,itisneces- weremadeaboutthemassofthatbigpileofburning
sarytoexaminethebiggestsourceofenergyknownto coal,aswellaswhenitwouldburnout.
man—the Sun. That brilliant orb, and the great More than a century after the Industrial Revolu-
amountofheatandlightitemits,hasbeenthesubject tion, experiments demonstrated the existence of the
ofmuchspeculationinpastcenturies. subatomicparticlesthatmakeuptheatom.Develop-
In the Ancient Egyptian pantheon, the Sun was mentofatomictheoryledtothemathematicsofquan-
worshipedasRa,theSunGodwhogivesheatandlight tummechanicsandquantumelectrodynamicsbysuch
totheworld.IntheAncientGreekpantheon,theSun notables as Niels Bohr, Ernest Rutherford, J.J.
was seen as the chariot of Helios, the Sun God who Thomson,AlbertEinstein,PaulDirac,andmanyoth-
drovethechariotoftheSunacrosstheskyeachdayto ers. Withthose twopieces of the puzzle inplace, the
driveawaythedarknessofnight,andtheRomanpan- concepts of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion soon
theon believed the same, but with Latin names. The followed,bringingustoourcurrentunderstandingof
Ancient Greek philosophers, however, posited the howtheSunisthesourceofenergyforEarth.Likeall
morepragmaticviewthattheSunitselfwassomething stars,theSunisamassivecollectionofsimplehydro-
morethanagodoraglowingchariot,althoughthey genatoms, so massive, infact, that thehighinternal
had no real idea of what. Their thoughts focused on temperaturesandthemagnitudeofthegravityofthat
thefamiliarsourcesofintenseheatandlightthatthey masssqueezeshydrogenatomstogethersopowerfully
knewandunderstood—wood,oil,andGreekfire,the thattheyundergonuclearfusion.Thefusionprocess
mostintenseofthethree. releases a huge amount of energy, primarily as heat
IntheAmericas,themanyindigenouspeoplesalso andthefullspectrumoflight,andthecumulativeef-
sawtheSunasthemostimportantentityofworship. fectofthousandsoftonsofhydrogenfusingcontinu-
Asiancivilizations—China,India,Assyria,Persia,and ously into helium every minute is the heat and
others—heldtheSuntobethemostessentialfeature light—theenergy—thatcomesfromtheSun.Itisan
ix
