Principles of Electronic Warfare Antenna Systems

1061 Pages·2011·79.23 MB·English

by  Richard Poisel

Antenna Systems and
Electronic Warfare Applications
For a complete listing of titles in the
Artech House Electronic Warfare Library,
turn to the back of this book.
Antenna Systems and
Electronic Warfare Applications
Richard A. Poisel
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Cover design by Vicki Kane
ISBN 13: 978-1-60807-484-6
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To Jim, Teresa, and Sheryl.

Table of Contents

Preface xxiii

Chapter 1 Introduction to Electronic Warfare Antenna Systems 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Transmitting Systems 2
1.3 Receiving Systems 3
1.4 Types of Antenna Systems 3
1.4.1 Wire Antennas 3
1.4.2 Aperture Antennas 7
1.4.3 Antenna Arrays 8
1.4.4 Frequency-Independent Antennas 9
1.4.5 Microstrip Patch Antennas 9
1.4.6 Fractal Antennas 11
1.4.7 Genetically Designed Antenna 11
1.4.8 Active Antennas 12
1.5 Concluding Remarks 13
References 14

Part I: Antenna Fundamentals 15

Chapter 2 Principles of Electromagnetic Radiation 17
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Coordinate Systems 17
2.3 Electromagnetic Waves 19
2.4 Vector Fields 19
2.4.1 Divergence Theorem 21
2.4.2 Electric Field and Electric Flux 22
2.4.3 Constitutive Relationships 22
2.5 Maxwell’s Equations 24
2.5.1 Ampere’s Law Generalized by Maxwell to
Include the Displacement Current 25
2.5.2 Faraday’s Law of Induction 26
2.5.3 Gauss’ Electric Law 27
2.5.4 Gauss’ Magnetic Law 28
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viii Antenna Systems and Electronic Warfare Applications
2.6 EM Wave Propagation 29
2.6.1 Wave Equation 29
2.6.2 Production of Electromagnetic Waves
by a Dipole Antenna 31
2.6.3 Time-Harmonic Fields 32
2.6.4 Radiated Power Flow 34
2.7 Determination of Antenna Radiation Fields Using Vector
Potential Functions 40
2.7.1 Vector and Scalar Potentials 40
2.8 Antenna Radiation Fields 43
2.8.1 Principles of Radiation 43
2.8.2 Current Element 44
2.9 Radiation as Closed Field Lines 47
2.10 EM Waves Summary 49
2.11 Concluding Remarks 51
References 51

Chapter 3 Fundamental Antenna Properties 53
3.1 Introduction 53
3.2 Basic Antenna Principles 54
3.2.1 Antenna Parameter Definitions 54
3.2.2 Radiation Patterns 56
3.2.3 Average Power Radiated by an Antenna 57
3.2.4 Directivity 57
3.2.5 Antenna Impedance 60
3.2.6 Transmitting Antenna 60
3.2.7 Receive Antenna 63
3.2.8 Antenna Reciprocity 64
3.2.9 Antenna Loss Resistance 65
3.2.10 Antenna Efficiency 68
3.2.11 Antenna Gain 70
3.2.12 Antenna Polarization 70
3.2.13 Antenna Effective Area 75
3.2.14 Effective Height of an Antenna 78
3.2.15 Antenna Resonance and Bandwidth 78
3.2.16 Radiation Pattern 83
3.2.17 Antenna Q 83
3.3 Broadband Antennas 85
3.3.1 Resistive Loading 85
3.4 Radiation from Infinitesimal Sources 87
3.4.1 Introduction 87
3.4.2 Infinitesimal Dipole 87
3.4.3 Infinitesimal Loop Antennas 102
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Contents
3.4.4 Impedances of Infinitesimal Antennas 109
3.5 Antennas Elevated Above a Perfectly Conducting Ground Plane 111
3.5.1 Horizontal Current Element Above a Perfectly
Conducting Plane 115
3.5.2 Elevated Mobile Communication
System Antennas 115
3.6 Effects of Masts and Cables on the Patterns of Elevated
Antennas 116
3.7 Wire Antennas 118
3.8 Concluding Remarks 120
References 120
Appendix 3A Lorentz Reciprocity Theorem 122

Chapter 4 Transmission Lines 133
4.1 Introduction 133
4.2 Characteristics of Transmission Lines 133
4.2.1 Velocity Factor 136
4.2.2 Characteristic Impedance 137
4.2.3 TEM Wave Propagation 138
4.2.4 Lossless Transmission Lines 139
4.2.5 Lossy Transmission Lines 144
4.2.6 Standing Waves 147
4.2.7 T-Matrices 148
4.3 Terminating Transmission Lines 150
4.3.1 Finite Length Lines 152
4.3.2 Line Terminations 152
4.4 Waveguides 156
4.4.1 Wave Characteristics 159
4.4.2 TE and TM Modes in Ideal Waveguides 163
4.4.3 Ideal Rectangular Waveguides 164
4.4.4 Rectangular Waveguide TE and TM
Mode Parameters 168
4.4.5 TEM Mode 169
4.4.6 Circular Waveguide 170
4.4.7 Waveguide Summary 174
4.5 Transmission Line Cables 174
4.5.1 Coaxial Cables 174
4.5.2 Twin Lead 179
4.5.3 Microstrip Lines 182
4.6 Concluding Remarks 186
References 187

Part II: Antenna Systems 189