Table Of ContentPrinciples of Animal Nutrition
Principles of Animal Nutrition
Guoyao Wu
Cover image prepared by Dr. Gregory A. Johnson.
CRC Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Wu, Guoyao, 1962- , author.
Title: Principles of animal nutrition / Guoyao Wu.
Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2018.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017036706 | ISBN 9781498721608 (hardback)
Subjects: LCSH: Animal nutrition. | Metabolism.
Classification: LCC SF95 .W8 2017 | DDC 636.08/52--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017036706
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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Contents
Preface..........................................................................................................................................xxiii
Acknowledgments ..........................................................................................................................xxv
Author ..........................................................................................................................................xxvii
Chapter 1 Physiological and Biochemical Bases of Animal Nutrition .........................................1
Fundamental Concepts of Animal Nutrition ................................................................2
Definition of Nutrients and Diets ............................................................................2
Definition of Nutrition .............................................................................................2
Composition of Feedstuffs.......................................................................................2
Composition of Animals .........................................................................................4
Proximate or Weende Analysis of Feedstuffs .........................................................4
Modified Methods for Analysis of Feedstuffs and Animals ...................................6
Biochemistry as the Chemical Basis of Nutrition ...................................................6
Physiology as the Foundational Basis of Nutrition..................................................7
Integration of Systems Physiology in Nutrient Utilization ..........................................8
Structure of the Animal Cell ...................................................................................8
Definitions of Cell, Tissue, Organ, and System ..................................................8
Composition and Function of the Animal Cell...................................................8
Transport of Substances across the Biological Membrane ...............................10
Overview of the Animal System ................................................................................13
The Nervous System ..............................................................................................14
The Neuron .......................................................................................................14
Neurotransmitters .............................................................................................15
The Central Nervous System ............................................................................16
The Peripheral Nervous System .......................................................................16
The Circulatory System .........................................................................................16
Blood Circulation ..............................................................................................16
Blood–Brain Barrier .........................................................................................20
The Lymphatic System ..........................................................................................21
The Digestive System ............................................................................................22
The Stomach in Nonruminants .........................................................................22
The Stomach in Ruminants ..............................................................................26
The Small Intestine ...........................................................................................28
The Large Intestine ...........................................................................................31
The Pancreas .....................................................................................................31
The Liver...........................................................................................................32
The Musculoskeletal System .................................................................................34
The Respiratory System ........................................................................................34
The Urinary System ..............................................................................................35
The Male Reproductive System .............................................................................35
The Female Reproductive System .........................................................................37
The Endocrine System...........................................................................................38
The Immune System ..............................................................................................39
Sense Organs .........................................................................................................42
Overview of Metabolic Pathways ...............................................................................42
v
vi Contents
Major Metabolic Pathways and Their Significance ...............................................42
Characteristics of Metabolic Pathways ..................................................................45
Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions ...........................................................................45
Intracellular Compartmentalization of Metabolic Pathways ............................48
Cell-, Zone-, Age-, and Species-Dependent Metabolic Pathways ....................49
Biological Oxidation in Mitochondria ...................................................................50
The Krebs Cycle in Mitochondria ....................................................................50
The Electron Transport System in Mitochondria .............................................53
Uncouplers of Oxidative Phosphorylation and Inhibitors of the Electron
Transport System ..............................................................................................57
Summary ....................................................................................................................58
References ..................................................................................................................61
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Carbohydrates ......................................................................................67
General Classification of Carbohydrates ....................................................................67
Overview ...............................................................................................................67
d- and l-Configuration of Carbohydrates .............................................................68
Cyclic Hemiacetals (Aldoses) and Hemiketals (Ketoses) .....................................69
Monosaccharides ........................................................................................................70
Definition ...............................................................................................................70
Chemical Representation of Monosaccharide Structures .....................................70
Open-Chain Form .............................................................................................70
Cyclic Hemiacetal or Hemiketal Form .............................................................70
Glucose and Fructose in Plants .............................................................................73
Glucose and Fructose in Animals .........................................................................73
Other Monosaccharides in Plants and Animals ....................................................75
Simple Aminosugars as Monosaccharides in Plants and Animals .......................75
Disaccharides .............................................................................................................76
Definition ...............................................................................................................76
Cellobiose ..............................................................................................................79
Lactose ...................................................................................................................79
Maltose and Isomaltose .........................................................................................80
Sucrose...................................................................................................................81
α,α-Trehalose ........................................................................................................82
Oligosaccharides ........................................................................................................82
Definition ...............................................................................................................82
Trisaccharides ........................................................................................................82
Tetrasaccharides ....................................................................................................82
Pentasaccharides ....................................................................................................82
Homopolysaccharides ................................................................................................84
Homopolysaccharides in Plants .............................................................................84
Definition ..........................................................................................................84
Arabinan ...........................................................................................................85
Cellulose ...........................................................................................................85
Galactan ............................................................................................................85
β-d-Glucans ......................................................................................................85
Levans ...............................................................................................................87
Mannans ...........................................................................................................87
Starch ................................................................................................................87
Homopolysaccharides in Animals .........................................................................88
Contents vii
Definition ..........................................................................................................88
Chitin ................................................................................................................88
Glycogen ...........................................................................................................88
Homopolysaccharides in Microbes and Other Lower Organisms ........................89
Cellulose ...........................................................................................................89
Chitin ................................................................................................................90
Dextrans ............................................................................................................90
Glycogen ...........................................................................................................90
Levans ...............................................................................................................91
Mannans ...........................................................................................................91
Pullulan .............................................................................................................92
Heteropolysaccharides ...............................................................................................92
Heteropolysaccharides in Plants ............................................................................92
Definition ..........................................................................................................92
Arabinogalactan ................................................................................................92
Exudate Gums ..................................................................................................93
Hemicelluloses ..................................................................................................93
Inulins ...............................................................................................................93
Mannans as Glucomannans, Galactomannans, or Galactoglucomannans .......93
Mucilages ..........................................................................................................94
Pectins ...............................................................................................................94
Heteropolysaccharides in Animals ........................................................................94
Definition ..........................................................................................................94
Hyaluronic Acid ................................................................................................94
Sulfated Heteropolysaccharides .......................................................................95
Heteropolysaccharides in Microbes ......................................................................96
Arabinogalactan ................................................................................................96
Lipopolysaccharides .........................................................................................96
Murein ..............................................................................................................97
Xanthan .............................................................................................................97
Heteropolysaccharides in Algae and Seaweeds (Marine Plants) ..........................97
Agar (or Agar–Agar) .........................................................................................97
Algin (Alginic Acid) .........................................................................................97
Carrageenans ....................................................................................................98
Phenolic Polymers in Plants ..................................................................................98
Lignins ..............................................................................................................98
Tannins .............................................................................................................98
Non-Starch Polysaccharides in Plants, Algae, and Seaweeds ..........................98
Chemical Reactions of Carbohydrates .......................................................................99
Monosaccharides ...................................................................................................99
Epimerization ...................................................................................................99
Reduction ........................................................................................................100
Oxidation ........................................................................................................100
Dehydration of Aldoses and Ketoses ..............................................................100
Formation of Glycosides .................................................................................101
Esterification ...................................................................................................101
Nonenzymatic Glycation ................................................................................101
Disaccharides and Polysaccharides .....................................................................102
Oxidation ........................................................................................................102
Reacting with Iodine .......................................................................................102
The Molisch Test for Nearly All Carbohydrates ............................................102
viii Contents
Summary ..................................................................................................................102
References ................................................................................................................104
Chapter 3 Chemistry of Lipids ..................................................................................................109
Classification and Structures of Lipids ....................................................................109
Fatty Acids ...........................................................................................................111
Definition of Fatty Acids ................................................................................111
Nomenclature of Fatty Acids ..........................................................................112
Short-Chain Fatty Acids .................................................................................112
Medium-Chain Fatty Acids ............................................................................113
Long-Chain Fatty Acids .................................................................................114
Simple Lipids .......................................................................................................119
Fats ..................................................................................................................119
Waxes ..............................................................................................................119
Compound Lipids ................................................................................................121
Glycolipids (Glycerol–Glycolipids) ................................................................121
Phospholipids (Phosphatides) .........................................................................123
Sphingolipids ..................................................................................................123
Ether Glycerophospholipids ............................................................................124
Lipoproteins ....................................................................................................126
Derived Lipids .....................................................................................................127
Definition ........................................................................................................127
Steroids ...........................................................................................................128
Eicosanoids .....................................................................................................134
Terpenes ..........................................................................................................137
Chemical Reactions ..................................................................................................139
Hydrolysis of TAG and Saponification of Fatty Acids ........................................139
Esterification with Alcohols ................................................................................140
Substitution of the Hydroxyl Hydrogen ...............................................................140
Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids .........................................................140
Iodination and Bromination of the Double Bonds of Unsaturated Fatty Acids ..141
Peroxidation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids.............................................................141
Reaction of the Hydrogen Atom in Methylene and Carboxyl Groups
with Halogens ......................................................................................................142
Summary ..................................................................................................................142
References ................................................................................................................143
Chapter 4 Chemistry of Protein and Amino Acids ...................................................................149
Definition, Chemical Classification, and Properties of AAs ...................................149
Definition of AAs ................................................................................................149
α-, ß-, γ-, δ-, or ε-AAs ....................................................................................149
Imino Acids ....................................................................................................151
Differences in the Structures of AAs .............................................................151
Naming and Chemical Expression of AAs .....................................................153
The Zwitterionic (Ionized) Form of AAs ............................................................153
d- or l-Configurations of AAs ............................................................................155
Definition of l- and d-AAs .............................................................................155
Optical Activity of l- and d-AAs ...................................................................155
l- and d-AAs in Nature ..................................................................................155
Contents ix
R/S Configurations of AAs ..................................................................................158
Allo-Forms of AAs .............................................................................................158
Modified AA Residues in Proteins or Polypeptides ............................................159
Free AAs and Peptide (Protein)-Bound AAs ......................................................161
Physical Appearance, Melting Points, and Tastes of AAs ..................................163
Solubility of AAs in Water and Solutions ...........................................................164
Chemical Stability of AAs ..................................................................................164
Stability of Crystalline AAs ...........................................................................164
Stability of AAs in Water and Buffers ...........................................................164
Stability of AAs in Acid and Alkaline Solutions ...........................................165
Definition, Chemical Classifications, and Properties of Peptides and Protein ........165
Definitions of Peptides and Proteins ...................................................................165
Major Proteins in Animals ..................................................................................166
Actin and Myosin ............................................................................................166
Proteins in Connective Tissues .......................................................................167
Separation of Peptides from Proteins ..................................................................168
Protein Structures ................................................................................................168
The Concept of Crude Protein and True Protein .................................................170
Crystalline AAs, Protein Ingredients, and Peptide Additives for Animal Diets .....172
Crystalline AAs ...................................................................................................172
Protein Ingredients ..............................................................................................174
Peptides Used as Feed Additives .........................................................................175
Chemical Reactions of Free AAs .............................................................................177
Chemical Reactions of the Amino Group in α-AAs ...........................................177
Reaction of the α-Amino Group of AAs with a Strong Acid .........................177
Acetylation of the α-Amino Group of AAs ...................................................177
Conjugation of the α-Amino Group in AAs with a Reagent ..........................178
Deamination of AAs .......................................................................................178
Transamination of AAs with α-Ketoacids .....................................................179
Oxymethylation of AAs ..................................................................................179
Chemical Reactions of the Carboxyl Group in α-AAs .......................................179
Reaction of the Carboxyl Group of AAs with an Alkaline ............................179
Decarboxylation of AAs .................................................................................179
Chemical Reactions of the Side Chains in α-AAs ..............................................180
Amidation .......................................................................................................180
Deamidination ................................................................................................180
Iodination of the Phenol Ring in Tyrosine ......................................................180
Chemical Reactions Involving the ε-NH Group of Lysine ................................180
2
Condensation of Two AAs ..............................................................................181
Chemical Reactions Involving Both the Amino and Carboxyl Groups
of the Same α-AA ...............................................................................................181
Chelation of AAs with Metals ........................................................................182
Esterification and Nα-Dehydrogenation of α-AAs .........................................182
Oxidative Deamination (Decarboxylation) of AAs ........................................182
Intramolecular Cyclization Reactions Involving the Side Chain Group
and the α-Amino Group of α-AAs .....................................................................183
Peptide Synthesis .................................................................................................183
Chemical Reactions of Proteins and Polypeptides ...................................................185
Hydrolysis of the Peptide Bond in Protein and Polypeptides ..............................185
Dye-Binding of Protein and Polypeptides ...........................................................185
Biuret Assay of Protein and Peptides ..................................................................185
