Principles and Practice of Clinical Virology

1013 Pages·2009·10.64 MB·English

by  Arie J. Zuckerman

Principles and Practice of
Clinical Virology
SIXTH EDITION
Principles and Practice of C linical Vi rology, Sixth Edition Edited by A. J . Zuckerman, J . E. B a natvala, B . D. Schoub, P. D. Griffiths and P. Mortimer
© 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-51799-4
Principles and Practice of
Clinical Virology
SIXTH EDITION
Edited by
Arie J. Zuckerman
UCL Medical School, London, UK
Jangu E. Banatvala
Guy’s, King’s and St Thomas’ School of Medicine, London, UK
Barry D. Schoub
National Institute of Virology, Sandringham, South Africa
Paul D. Griffiths
UCL Medical School, London, UK
Philip Mortimer
Health Protection Agency, London, UK
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Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-51799-4
1.Virusdiseases.2.Medicalvirology.I.Zuckerman,ArieJ.
[DNLM:1.VirusDiseases.WC500P9572008]
RC114.5.P662008
616.9(cid:2)101—dc22
2008040268
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN:978-0-470-51799-4
Typesetin9/11TimesRomanbyLaserwordsPrivateLimited,Chennai,India
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FirstImpression 2009
Contents
ListofContributors . . . . . . . . . . . xi ParvovirusB19 56
RespiratoryViruses 58
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
4 Emerging VirusInfections . . . . . . 69
Past,PresentandFutureofClinicalVirology:An BrianW.J.Mahy
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv Introduction 69
FactorsContributingtoEmergence 69
1 DiagnosticApproaches . . . . . . . 1
FutureDirections 77
KatieJefferyandEmmaAarons
5 Vaccinology . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Introduction 1
FrancisE.AndreandHuguesH.Bogaerts
ElectronMicroscopy 2
Histology/Cytology 2 Introduction 81
VirusIsolation 2 BurdenofViralDiseases and theirReproductive
Serology 3 Rates 82
MolecularAmplificationTechniques 8 The ImmuneSystemand itsRoleinNaturaland
Recommended DiagnosticInvestigations 20 Artificially-inducedImmunity 83
FutureTrends 22 Discoveryof ProtectiveAntigensin
Pathogens 85
2 ViralTransmission:InfectionAcquired bythe
PresentationofProtectiveAntigensthrough
Blood-borneRoute . . . . . . . . . 29
Vaccines and TypesofVaccine 86
WillIrving
Research andDevelopmenton Vaccines andtheir
Introduction 29 Commercial Introduction 86
Preventionof ExposurethroughInfection Social MarketingofIntroducedVaccines 88
Control 30 PlanningandImplementationof Vaccination
Preventionof InfectionthroughSpecificPre- and Programmes 89
Post-exposurePolicies 30 Surveillanceof DiseaseIncidenceandAdverse
Patient-to-patientTransmission 30 EventsBeforeand AfterImplementationof
Patient-to-HCWTransmission 32 Vaccination 89
HCW-to-patientTransmission 36 RectificationofPublicizedFalsehoodsand
MaintenanceofVaccination Coverage 89
3 ViralTransmission:InfectionAcquired byAll
ViralVaccinesontheHorizonandtheRoadblocks
Other Routes(Respiratory,Eye–Nose–Mouth,
toFutureVaccine Development 90
InoculationandFaeco-orally) . . . . . 43
ClosingComments 91
PhilipRice
6 Herpes SimplexVirus Type1 andType2 95
Introduction 43
MarianneForsgrenandPaulE.Klapper
Measles, Mumpsand Rubella 44
Cytomegalovirus 47 Morphology 95
VaricellaZosterVirus 48 Replication 97
HerpesSimplexVirus 53 Epidemiology 103
Noroviruses 54 ViralDiagnosis 105
Rotavirus 56 AntiviralChemotherapy 108
vi Contents
ClinicalFeatures,DiagnosisandManagement 112 WorldwideDistributionof KSHVintheGeneral
ConcludingRemarks 128 Population 247
Transmission 249
7 Varicella Zoster . . . . . . . . . . 133
ClinicalManifestations 251
JudithBreuer
Pathogenesis 254
Introduction 133 DiagnosticAssays 261
The Virus 133 AntiviralTherapy 263
Epidemiology 142
12 HepatitisViruses . . . . . . . . . . 273
ClinicalFeatures 143
TimJ.Harrison,GeoffreyM.DusheikoandArie
DiagnosisofVZV Infection 148
J.Zuckerman
Treatment 151
Prevention 153 Introduction 273
8 Cytomegalovirus . . . . . . . . . . 161 HepatitisA 275
HepatitisE 280
PaulD.Griffiths
HepatitisB 282
Introduction 161 HepatitisD 307
The Virus 161 HepatitisC 309
Epidemiology 166
Routesof Infection 167 13 GB VirusC (GBV-C)andTorque Teno Virus
Pathogenesis 168 (TTV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
ClinicalFeatures 173 ShigeoHino
Diagnosis 175
Introduction 321
Management 180
GBVirusC (GBV-C) 321
Prevention 183
TorqueTenoVirus(TTV) 325
Treatment 185
9 Epstein–BarrVirus . . . . . . . . . 199 14 Rotaviruses . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
TanzinaHaqueandDorothyH.Crawford UlrichDesselbergerandJimGray
Introduction 199 Introduction 337
The Virus 199 RotavirusStructure,Genomeand
Epidemiology 204 Gene–ProteinAssignment 337
EBV-associated Diseases 205 Classification 337
EBV Infectioninthe Replication 338
ImmunocompromizedHost 215 Pathogenesis 342
Vaccine Development 218 ImmuneResponsesand Correlatesof
Protection 343
10 Roseoloviruses:Human Herpesviruses 6A,6B
Illness,DiagnosisandTreatment 343
and7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Epidemiology 344
KatherineN.WardandDuncanA.Clark Vaccine Development 345
Introduction 223
15 Viruses otherthanRotavirusesAssociatedwith
BiologyoftheViruses 223
AcuteDiarrhoealDisease . . . . . . 355
Epidemiologyand Pathogenesis 228
JimGrayandUlrichDesselberger
Disease Associations 231
LaboratoryDiagnosis 236 Introduction 355
AntiviralTherapy 240 EntericAdenoviruses 357
ConcludingRemarks 240 Norovirusesand Sapoviruses(Human
Caliciviruses) 358
11 Kaposi’sSarcoma-associatedHerpesvirus
Astroviruses 363
(Human Herpesvirus 8) . . . . . . . 245
GastrointestinalVirusesNotRegularlyAssociated
CorneliaHenke-Gendo,AbelViejo-Borbollaand
withAcuteDiarrhoealDisease 364
ThomasF.Schulz
16 Influenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Introduction 245
MariaZambonandChrisW.Potter
Originand Evolutionof KSHV 245
Contents vii
Introduction 373 OtherClinicalManifestations 477
ViralVariation 380 Diagnosis 477
VirusClassification 384 Treatment 481
Pathogenesis 385 Prevention 482
ClinicalFeatures 388 FutureProspects 483
DiagnosisofInfection 391
20 Rhinoviruses . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Treatment andPrevention 396
NikolaosG.Papadopoulos,MariaXatzipsaltiand
17 Parainfluenza Viruses . . . . . . . . 409 SebastianL.Johnston
SteliosPsarras,NikolaosG.Papadopoulosand
Introduction 489
SebastianL.Johnston
Taxonomy 489
Introduction 409 Physical Properties 492
Taxonomy 409 Incubationand Transmission 492
StructureandPhysicalProperties 410 HostRange 493
Receptors,VirusEntryand HostRange 411 Pathogenesis 493
Replication 414 Immunity 495
ViralTransmission,Incubationand Epidemiology 496
Shedding 416 ClinicalFeatures 497
Pathogenesis 417 Diagnosis 498
Antigenicityand Immunity 418 PreventionandTreatment 500
Epidemiology 420
21 CoronavirusesandToroviruses . . . . 511
ClinicalFeatures 423
J.S.MalikPeirisandL.L.M.Poon
Diagnosis 425
Prevention 428 Introduction 511
Treatment 429 The Viruses 511
InitiationofInfectionandPathogenesis 517
18 RespiratorySyncytialVirus . . . . . 441
Epidemiology 519
CarolineBreeseHall
ClinicalFeatures 520
Introduction 441 Diagnosis 523
TheVirus 441 RT-PCR 524
Epidemiology 442 Prophylaxis:Activeand Passive
Pathogenesis 444 Immunization 525
Immunity 445 Therapy 526
ClinicalFeatures 446 Acknowledgements 526
Diagnosis 450
22 MeaslesVirus . . . . . . . . . . . 533
Management 452
SibylleSchneider-SchauliesandVolkerterMeulen
Prevention 453
Introduction 533
19 Adenoviruses . . . . . . . . . . . 463
The Virus 533
MarcelaEchavarr´ıa
VirusMorphology 535
Introduction 463 GenomeStructure 535
Descriptionand Characteristicsofthe MV ProteinFunctions 536
Virus 464 The ReplicationCycle 538
Pathogenesis 468 BiologicalPropertiesoftheMeasles
ImmuneResponse 469 Virus 540
Epidemiology 470 Epidemiologyand Relatednessof DifferentVirus
ClinicalFeatures 471 Isolates 541
RespiratoryInfections 471 ClinicalManifestations 542
OcularInfections 474 The PathogenesisofMeasles andits
GastrointestinalInfections 475 Complications 545
HaemorrhagicCystitis 475 Diagnosis 551
AdenovirusesInfectionsin Management 552
ImmunocompromizedPatients 475 Prevention 552
viii Contents
23 Rubella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561 28 Flaviviruses . . . . . . . . . . . . 669
JenniferM.Best,JosephP.IcenogleandDavid BarryD.SchoubandMarietjieVenter
W.G.Brown
Introduction 669
HistoricalIntroduction 561 PropertiesoftheVirus 670
The Virus 562 YellowFever 672
PostnatallyAcquiredInfection 565 OtherMembersofthe‘Unassigned’Subgroupof
CongenitallyAcquiredInfection 569 Flaviviruses 678
LaboratoryTechniquesand Diagnosis 576 Dengue 679
Prevention—RubellaVaccination 580 Zika 684
Japanese Encephalitis 684
24 Mumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
StLouisEncephalitis 687
PauliLeinikki
West NileVirus 688
Introduction 593 MurrayValleyEncephalitis 690
The Virus 593 Tick-borneEncephalitis 691
Pathogenesis 595 Omsk HaemorrhagicFever 694
ClinicalPicture 595 KyasanurForest Disease 694
LaboratoryDiagnosis 597 Powassan Virus 695
Epidemiologyand Control 598 29 Bunyaviridae . . . . . . . . . . . . 699
RobertSwanepoelandFelicityJ.Burt
25 Enteroviruses . . . . . . . . . . . 601
PhilipD.MinorandPeterMuir Introduction 699
TheVirus 700
Introduction 601
LaboratoryDiagnosis 703
The Viruses 601
GenusOrthobunyavirus 706
Pathobiologicaland ClinicalAspectsofHuman
GenusPhlebovirus 711
Enteroviruses 608
GenusNairovirus 717
LaboratoryDiagnosisofEnterovirusInfections 615
GenusHantavirus 721
PreventionandTreatment ofEnterovirus
BunyavirusesUnassignedtoGenus 726
Infections 617
FutureProspects 620 30 Arenaviruses . . . . . . . . . . . . 733
ColinR.Howard
26 Poxviruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625
PeterB.Jahrling Introduction 733
UltrastructureofArenavirusesand Infected
Introduction 625
Cells 735
VirusCharacteristics 625
ChemicalComposition 737
ClinicalAspectsof OrthopoxvirusInfections 627
Replication 739
Diagnosis 632
Diagnosisof HumanArenavirusInfections 740
Medical Management 634 AntigenicRelationships 741
Other PoxvirusesInfectingHumans 635 Clinicaland PathologicalAspects 741
Diagnosis 637 PersistentInfection 743
PathologyofArenavirusInfections:General
27 Alphaviruses . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
Features 744
GrahamLloyd
OtherArenavirusInfections 750
Introduction 643 Summary 751
The Virus 643
31 Filoviruses . . . . . . . . . . . . 755
SpectrumofDiseases Caused byAlphaviruses 647
SusanP.Fisher-Hoch
DiagnosisofAlphavirusInfections 647
Management and Prevention 647 Introduction 755
AlphavirusesAssociatedwithFeversand Epidemiology 756
Polyarthritis 648 Ecology 761
AlphavirusesAssociatedwithEncephalitis 656 TransmissionandRiskFactors 763
Other Alphaviruses 661 ClinicalSpectrum 763
Contents ix
LaboratoryDiagnosis 764 Polyomavirus-specificImmuneResponse 845
PatientManagement 765 Treatment ofPolyomavirus-associated
Past Infectionand Persistence 766 Diseases 847
Virology 766 Acknowledgements 848
AnimalModels 767
35 Human Parvoviruses . . . . . . . . 853
SerologicalStudies 768
Pathogenesisand Immunology 768 KevinE.Brown
Control 769
Introduction 853
Perspective 770
Human ParvovirusB19(B19V) 854
Pathogenesis 856
32 RabiesandOther LyssavirusInfections . 777
Epidemiology 858
MaryJ.Warrell
ClinicalFeatures 859
Introduction 777 LaboratoryDiagnosis 863
History 777 Treatment and Prevention 865
Classification 778
VirusStructure 778 36 Human Retroviruses . . . . . . . . 869
Replication 780 RobinA.Weiss
InactivationofVirusandStabilityofVaccine
Introduction 869
Antigen 781
RetrovirusReplicationand Genomes 869
EpizootiologyandEpidemiology 781
Taxonomy 870
IncidenceofHuman Rabies 783
Human and ZoonoticRetrovirus
Pathogenesis 783
Infections 870
Immunology 785
RetroviralVectors 872
RoutesofInfection 786
ClinicalFeaturesofRabiesinAnimals 787 37 TheHuman T-lymphotropicViruses . . 875
ClinicalFeaturesinHumans 787 GrahamP.Taylor
Diagnosis 794
Introduction 875
Management ofHuman Rabies 796
History 875
Pathology 796
The Virus 876
Human RabiesProphylaxis 797
Diagnosis 879
Controlof AnimalRabies 800
ViralVariation 880
33 Papillomaviruses . . . . . . . . . . 807 Epidemiology 881
DennisMcCance Transmission 883
HTLV-associated Disease 884
Introduction 807
Pathogenesis 886
Classification 807
Treatment 889
Physicaland ChemicalProperties 807
PreventionofDisease 891
Serology 811
ViralReplication 811 HIV andHTLV Co-infection 891
NaturalHistoryofHPV Infections 812 38 Human Immunodeficiency Viruses . . . 897
Pathogenesis 813
DeenanPillay,AnnaMariaGerettiandRobinA.
Diagnosis 817
Weiss
Treatment 818
Vaccination 819 Introductionand Classification 897
Epidemiology 899
34 TheHumanPolyomaviruses . . . . . 823
Replication 900
KristinaDo¨rries
HostGeneticDeterminantsforHIV/AIDS 903
Classificationand Detection 823 ViralDynamicsand Pathogenesis 903
VirionStructureandComposition 823 ImmuneResponses 905
VirusLifeCycle 823 The LaboratoryDiagnosisofHIV
StateofHuman PolyomavirusInfection 833 Infection 906
DiagnosticEvaluationofPolyomavirus-associated The NaturalHistoryofHIVInfectionandIts
Disease 843 ClinicalManifestations 909
x Contents
AntiretroviralTherapy—A Historical NeuronalCellDeathinPrionDisease 945
Perspective 916 The‘SpeciesBarrier’ 945
MonitoringofAntiretroviralTherapy and Pathogenesis 946
Resistance 917 AnimalPrionDiseases 947
AntiretroviralDrugClasses 921 Aetiologyand EpidemiologyofHuman Prion
Transmissionof DrugResistance 929 Disease 948
Prevention 929 ClinicalFeaturesand Diagnosis 949
Vaccines 932 MolecularDiagnosisof PrionDisease 959
Pre-symptomaticandAntenatalTesting 960
39 Human PrionDiseases . . . . . . . . 939
Preventionand PublicHealthManagement 960
JohnCollinge
Prognosisand Treatment 961
IntroductiontoPrionsand Historical ConcludingRemarks 962
Perspective 939 UsefulWebsites 962
StructuralBiologyofPrions 940
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 969
Normal CellularFunctionof PrP 943
PrionStrains 943