Prince, Pen, and Sword: Eurasian Perspectives

668 Pages·2018·2.839 MB·English

by  Maaike Van Berkel, Jeroen Duindam

Prince,Pen,andSword
Rulers & Elites
ComparativeStudiesinGovernance
SeriesEditor
JeroenDuindam(LeidenUniversity)
EditorialBoard
MaaikevanBerkel(RadboudUniversityNijmegen)
YingcongDai(WilliamPatersonUniversity,nj)
Jean-PascalDaloz(UniversityofStrasbourg)
JosGommans(LeidenUniversity)
JérômeKerlouégan(UniversityofOxford)
DariuszKołodziejczyk(WarsawUniversity)
MetinKunt(SabancıUniversity)
volume 15
Thetitlespublishedinthisseriesarelistedatbrill.com/rule
Prince, Pen, and Sword
EurasianPerspectives
Editedby
MaaikevanBerkel
JeroenDuindam
leiden | boston
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Contents
Acknowledgements vii
ListofIllustrations xi
NotesonContributors xii
1 RulersandElitesinGlobalHistory:IntroductoryObservations 1
JeroenDuindam
2 TheCourtasaMeetingPoint:Cohesion,Competition,Control 32
JeroenDuindam
3 NotofThisWorld…?ReligiousPowerandImperialRuleinEurasia,
ca.Thirteenth–ca.EighteenthCentury 129
PeterRietbergen
4 TheWarbandintheMakingofEurasianEmpires 297
JosGommans
5 ThePeopleofthePen:Self-PerceptionsofStatusandRoleinthe
AdministrationofEmpiresandPolities 384
MaaikevanBerkel
6 TheGoldenHorde,theSpanishHabsburgMonarchy,andthe
ConstructionofRulingDynasties 452
MarieFavereauDoumenjouandLiesbethGeevers
7 NarrativesofKingshipinFictionalLiterature 513
RichardvanLeeuwen
8 Prince,Pen,andSword:EurasianPerspectives 542
JeroenDuindam
Glossary 567
Bibliography 572
Index 641

Acknowledgements
This book is the result of a long process supported by several institutions
andmanycolleagues.InAugust2009,threeapplicants,JeroenDuindam,Jos
Gommans, and Peter Rietbergen, submitted a short research prospectus on
‘Eurasianempires:integrationprocessesandidentityformations’totheNeth-
erlandsOrganisationforScientificResearch(nwo).nwogaveustheopportu-
nitytodevelopourideas,aprocesssoonfacilitatedbyMaaikevanBerkel,who
joinedourranksintheautumnof2009.Thanks,perhaps,tothecandlesoffered
byPeterRietbergeninRomanChurches,ourproposalwasaccepted.nwolib-
erallysupportedourresearchplansaspartof its‘horizonprogramme’geared
to stimulating research in the humanities. We brought together a group of
researchers,operatingundertheaegisoffourprojectleadersandsustainedby
theadviceof numerousexternalexperts.ThreeDutchuniversitiessupported
ourinitiative:Leiden(ul),Amsterdam(UvA)andNijmegen(ru).Theyhelped
tomakeourambitionspossibleinvariousways:Leidenhostedourresearchers
for a full year; Amsterdam organized a summer school, and Nijmegen sup-
portedourstayattheRoyalDutchInstituteinRome(knir)—anotherinsti-
tutionweshouldthankhereforitshospitality.
Our first challenge was the selection of young researchers trained as spe-
cialists,buteagertobenefitfromandcontributetothecomparativehorizon
of the team. A roughly equal distribution of these researchers over the vari-
ousmacro-regionsofEurasia—EastAsia,West-SouthAsia,andEurope—was
imperativeforabalancedcombinationoflanguageexpertiseandareaknowl-
edge.We invited researchers to propose their own regional research themes
alongthelinesof themesdefinedinourapplication.Whilethefinalarrange-
mentofPhDprojectscoveredallmajorregions,itnecessarilycomprisedonly
aselectnumberofthethemesoutlinedinourapplication.
We were lucky to find a group of talented and devoted researchers. They
made this research project into a success socially and intellectually—some
of the most relevant ideas of this book were developed in permanent con-
tactwiththeresearchers,andcouldnothavecometofruitionwithoutthem.
Theirownworks,moreover,akeynextstepintheproject,willbepublished
inthecomingyears.Moving(roughly)fromEasttoWestthefollowingdiverse
panoramaofresearchersevolved.BarendNoordaminvestigatedthemakingof
anewmilitarycultureunderQiJiguang,thesuccessfulsixteenth-centuryMing
generalandfolloweroftheneo-ConfucianistthinkerWangYangming.Onthe
basismostlyofDutchEastIndiaCompanysources,LennartBescomparedthe
courtly traditions of the Nayaka successor states of theVijayanagara Empire
viii acknowledgements
inSouthIndia.HansVoetenanalysedimperialRussia’smethodsofcontrolling
theAltaifrontierregion,notablyitsrichresources.CumhurBekartracedthe
risetopoweroftheKöprülüdynastyofgrandviziersbyexaminingtheirrela-
tionshipwiththedynastyandtheirhouseholdconnections.WillemFlinterman
reconstructedtheroyalimageof theQalawunidMamluksultansbyexamin-
ing epigraphy, architecture, heraldic signs, and waqf (religious foundation)
deedsofroyalmausoleumsinCairo(1250to1350).KimRagetliconsideredthe
positionoffifteenth-centuryBurgundianduchessesasmediatorsbetweenthe
dukesandleadingcities,onthebasisof cityaccountsandavarietyof other
materials,includingchronicles.1
InadditiontothesesixPhDcandidates,threepostdoctoralresearcherscon-
tributedtotheproject.LiesbethGeevers,aspecialistinEuropeanhistory,con-
sidered the position of the extended dynastic family in the context mostly
of the Habsburg and Safavid dynasties. In the course of the project, Geevers
learnedPersian—andpublishedonSafavidhistoryforanaudienceofspecial-
ists.2MarieFavereauDoumenjou,aspecialistinJochid/GoldenHordehistory,
scrutinizedJochidformsof governanceaswellastheirregionalconnections.
Inthisvolume,FavereauDoumenjouandGeeverscomparetheconstruction
oftheJochidandHabsburgdynasties—exemplarycasesforEuropeandWest-
CentralAsiarespectively.Finally,RichardvanLeeuwenjoinedourteamasa
specialistinArabicliteraturewithalong-timeinterestinstoriesaboutrulers,
whichhepursuesnowinacomparativeEurasianperspective.Hischapterin
thisvolumepresentssomeofthemainfindingsofhismonograph,alsopartof
ourproject:NarrativesofKingshipinEurasianEmpires,1300–1800.3
1 Dissertationswere/willbedefendedinthecourseof 2017and2018.Referencesthrough-
outthisbookaretotheprovisionaltitlesof thesedissertations:CumhurBekar,‘TheRise
oftheKöprülüFamily.TheReconfigurationoftheVizierialPowerintheSeventeenthCen-
tury’;LennartBes,‘ImperialServantsonLocalThrones.DynasticPoliticsintheVijayanagara
SuccessorStates’;WillemFlinterman,‘TheCultofQalāwūn:Waqf,Memoria,andDynasty
intheEarlyMamlukSultanate,ca.1280–1340’;BarendNoordam,‘MilitaryIdentity,Empire
andFrontierintheLateMingDynasty:QiJiguang(1528–1588)andHisServiceonTwoFron-
tiers’;KimRagetli,‘DuchessbetweenPrinceandPeople.AThematicApproachtotheLives,
InfluenceandActionsoftheDuchessesofBurgundy(1430–1530)’;HansVoeten,‘TheKolyvan-
VoskresenskPlantsandtheRussianIntegrationofSouthernSiberia,1725–1783’.
2 LiesbethGeevers,‘SafavidCousinsontheVergeof Extinction:DynasticCentralizationin
CentralAsiaandtheBahrāmīCollateralLine(1517–1593)’, JournaloftheEconomicandSocial
HistoryoftheOrient58,no.3(2015)293–326.
3 Richard van Leeuwen, Narrativesof KingshipinEurasianEmpires,1300–1800 (Leiden and
Boston,2017),alsoavailableinopenaccess,seehttp://www.brill.com/products/book/
narratives-kingship-eurasian-empires-1300-1800.
acknowledgements ix
Ourresearchersaskedqualitativeresearchquestionsrelatedtotheproject’s
maintheme,butneededtoadapttotheavailabilityandnatureoftheirsources
as well as to the priorities within their specialized historiographies. Local
sourcesandlanguages,safeguardingtheconnectionwithspecializedscholar-
shipinregionalstudies,werecrucialfortheproject’ssuccess.Fromthebegin-
ning,thisgoalrequiredtheactivesupportof agroupof experts.Theproject
leaders’ language capabilities were limited to their respective fields: Europe
for Duindam and Rietbergen, the Arabic world for Maaike van Berkel, and
Central- and South Asia for Jos Gommans. Others stepped in to advise our
group on East Asia, where the applicants lacked language expertise, as well
as on many other territories. During the numerous meetings (regular sem-
inars, summer schools, conferences) of our group, many leading historians
provedwillingtosharetheirknowledgewithusandcontributetoourproject
aims; others stepped in to critically review our work. We thank these col-
leaguesfortheiradvice,support,andcriticism:TracyAdams,IlyaAfanasyev,
Thomas Allsen, Reuven Amitai, Gabrielle van den Berg, Arnoud-Jan Bijster-
veld,Wim Blockmans, Leonard Blussé, Maurits van den Boogert,Wim Boot,
RemcoBreuker,MalikaDekkiche,NicoladiCosmo,LucDuerloo,SerenaFer-
ente,JorgeFlores,AnnaGrasskamp,AlexanderdeGroot,R.KentGuy,Olivier
Hekster,CharlesJeurgens,JulienLoiseau,CemalKafadar,JérômeKerlouégan,
NancyKollmann,I.MetinKunt,CorinneLefèvre,LukYu-ping,CharlesMelville,
CédricMichon,LuitMols,BrunoNaarden,GülruNecipoglu,JürgenOsterham-
mel,KoenOttenheym,Elif Özgen,DavidParrott,ElenaPaskaleva,CarlPetry,
WalterPohl,MaartenPrak,DavidRobinson,TuncSen,PetraSijpesteijn,Bar-
baraStollberg-Rilinger,VasileiosSyros,HansTheunissen,HildedeWeerdt,Ines
Zupanov,Erik-JanZürcher,HarrietZurndorfer.
Inthelongmarchtowardsthedissertationdefence,anumberofcolleagues
steppedinassupervisorsandco-supervisors;theirexpertiseandsupportmade
possibletheworkofourPhD-candidates:GuyGeltner,AnneGerritsen,Geert
Janssen, Michael Kemper, Michael Khodarkovsky, Henk van Nierop, Jo van
Steenbergen, Robert Stein. These colleagues, more often than not, also con-
tributedtoprojectconferencesandseminars.
WithoutthepracticalsupportoftheLeidenHumanitiesFacultyfinancialstaff,
notablyAlexvanderMeerandStanleyBruins,wewouldsurelyhavelosttrack
of thedetailsinvolvedinaccounting.In thefinalepisodeof theproject,our
research assistant Josephine van den Bent, herself a PhD researcher, proved
enormouslyreliable,pleasant,andefficientinorganizingmeetings,theweb-
site,andthefinalconferenceof theproject.Brill’sIvoRomeinandArjanvan
Dijkinvariablyhavebeencongenialcompanyaswellaseffectiveeditors.Peer
x acknowledgements
VriesandRichardvanLeeuwencriticallyreviewedtheentirebooktypescript
and made many important suggestions for improvement. Three anonymous
reviewers provided more comments. Kate Delaney meticulously and rapidly
correctedalltextsnowpublishedinthisvolume.DavidClaszensteppedinfor
proofreading,compiledtheindex,andperformednumerousotherservices.
Firstandforemost,thefourprojectleadersowealastingdebtof gratitudeto
allresearchersintheproject—theymadethisahighlyagreeableexperience.
We owe a particular thanks to our long-standing research assistant Rebecca
Wensma, who was the heart and soul of the project in its first years, and
remainedcloselyinvolvedevenaftershebecametheLeidenUniversityInsti-
tuteforHistory’smanager.
TheEditors
Leiden,September2017