Table Of ContentPRIMATE ORIGINS: ADAPTATIONS
AND EVOLUTION
DEVELOPMENTS IN PRIMATOLOGY: PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS
Series Editor: Russell H. Tuttle, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
This peer-reviewed book series melds the facts of organic diversity with the continuity of
the evolutionary process. The volumes in this series exemplify the diversity of theoretical
perspectives and methodological approaches currently employed by primatologists and
physical anthropologists. Specific coverage includes: primate behavior in natural habitats
and captive settings; primate ecology and conservation; functional morphology and
developmental biology of primates; primate systematics; genetic and phenotypic
differences among living primates; and paleoprimatology.
ANTHROPOID ORIGINS: NEW VISIONS
Edited by Callum F. Ross and Richard F. Kay
MODERN MORPHOMETRICS IN PHYSICAL ANTHROPLOGY
Edited by Dennis E. Slice
BEHAVIORAL FLEXIBILITY IN PRIMATES: CAUSES AND
CONSEQUENCES
By Clara B. Jones
NURSERY REARING OF NONHUMAN PRIMATES IN THE
21ST CENTURY
Edited by Gene P. Sackett, Gerald C. Ruppenthal and Kate Elias
NEW PERSPECTIVES IN THE STUDY OF MESOAMERICAN
PRIMATES: DISTRIBUTION, ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR, AND
CONSERVATION
Edited by Paul Garber, Alejandro Estrada, Mary Pavelka and LeAndra Luecke
HUMAN ORIGINS AND ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUNDS
Edited by Hidemi Ishida, Russel H. Tuttle, Martin Pickford, Naomichi Ogihara
and Masato Nakatsukasa
PRIMATE BIOGEOGRAPHY
Edited by Shawn M. Lehman and John Fleagle
REPRODUCTION AND FITNESS IN BABOONS: BEHAVIORAL,
ECOLOGICAL, AND LIFE HISTORY PERSPECTIVES
Edited By Larissa Swedell and Steven R. Leigh
RINGAILED LEMUR BIOLOGY: LEMUR CATTA IN
MADAGASCAR
Edited by Alison Jolly, Robert W. Sussman, Naoki Koyama
and Hantanirina Rasamimanana
PRIMATE ORIGINS: ADAPTATIONS AND EVOLUTION
Edited by Matthew J. Ravosa and Marian Dagosto
LEMURS: ECOLOGY AND ADAPTATION
Edited by Lisa Gould and Michelle L. Sauther
PRIMATE ORIGINS:
ADAPTATIONS AND
EVOLUTION
Edited by
Matthew J. Ravosa and Marian Dagosto
Department of Cell and Molecular Biology
Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
Chicago, Illinois
Matthew J. Ravosa Marian Dagosto
Department of Cell and Department of Cell and
Molecular Biology Molecular Biology
Feinberg School of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine,
Northwestern University Northwestern University
Chicago, Illinois Chicago, Illinois
Library of Congress Control Number: 2005937517
ISBN 10: 0-387-30335-9
ISBN 13: 978-0-387-30335-2
Printed on acid-free paper.
© 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
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CONTENTS
Contributors xvii
Preface xxi
Introductions for Sections I-IV xxv
PART I: SUPRAORDINAL RELATIONSHIPS OF
PRIMATES AND THEIR TIME OF ORIGIN
1. A Molecular Classification for the Living Orders of Placental
Mammals and the Phylogenetic Placement of Primates 1
Springer, M. S., Murphy, W. J., Eizirik, E., Madsen, O., Scally, M.,
Douady, C. J., Teeling, E. C., Stanhope, M. J.,
de Jong, W. W., and O’Brien, S. J.
Introduction 1
Materials and Methods 4
Results 5
Likelihood and Bayesian Analyses with the Full Data Set 5
Analyses with Outgroup Jackknifing 12
Analyses with the Nuclear Data Set 12
Analyses with Subsets of Nuclear Genes 12
Analyses with Mt rRNA Genes 13
Discussion 14
Likelihood Versus Bayesian Results 14
Early History of Placentalia 15
Major Clades of Placental Mammals 17
Relationships in Afrotheria 18
Relationships Within the Euarchontoglires Clade 18
Relationships in Laurasiatheria 19
Molecular Classification for the Living Orders of
Placental Mammals 19
Conclusions 22
References 23
v
vi Contents
2. New Light on the Dates of Primate Origins and Divergence 29
Soligo, C., Will, O. A., Tavaré, S., Marshall, C. R., and
Martin, R. D.
Introduction 29
The Fossil Record 30
The Molecular Evidence 35
Quantifying the Incompleteness of the Fossil Record 37
Preservational Bias in the Fossil Record 43
Acknowledgments 46
References 46
3. The Postcranial Morphology of Ptilocercus lowii
(Scandentia, Tupaiidae) and its Implications for
Primate Supraordinal Relationships 51
Sargis, E. J.
Introduction 51
Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Family Tupaiidae 52
Taxonomy 52
Supraordinal Relationships of Tupaiids 53
Significance of Ptilocercus 59
Materials and Methods 60
Results 62
Discussion 65
Conclusions 67
Acknowledgments 69
References 75
4. Primate Origins: A Reappraisal of Historical Data
Favoring Tupaiid Affinities 83
Godinot, M.
Introduction 83
Limits of Cladistics Confronted with Large Data Sets 86
Facing Primatomorpha 90
Are Paromomyid Dental Characters Compatible with
Dermopteran Origins? 90
Dermopteran Incisors 92
Paromomyid Postcranials, Gliding, and Apatemyid
Adaptations 95
Contents vii
On Postcranial Characters and Archontan Phylogeny 97
Skull Characters and Conclusion 100
The Plesiadapiform Radiation and Primate Ancestry 101
Temporal and Geographical Extension 102
Plesiadapiform Dental Characters and Primate Origins 104
Other Characters and Conclusion 108
Returning to Tupaiidae 112
Important Tarsal Characters 116
Conclusion: Tupaiids as Sister-Group of Primates 120
Remarks on Scenarios of the Acquisition of Nails 122
Concluding Remarks 126
Fossils, Methods, and Primate Origins 126
Primate Morphotype Locomotor Mode 129
Summary 131
Acknowledgments 133
References 133
5. Primate Taxonomy, Plesiadapiforms, and Approaches to
Primate Origins 143
Silcox, M. T.
Introduction 143
Background on Taxonomic Debates 145
Problems with Combining Cladistics and Linnean
Taxonomy 145
Phylogenetic Taxonomy’s Solutions to the Problems
Posed by Linnean Taxonomy 146
Other Taxonomic Priorities 150
Previous Definitions and Diagnoses of Primates 151
The Phylogenetic Position of Plesiadapiformes 155
Background 155
A More Comprehensive Analysis 159
Taxonomic Implications of the Current Analysis 163
Primate Taxonomy and the Study of Euprimate Origins 167
Conclusions 169
Acknowledgments 170
References 171
viii Contents
PART II: ADAPTATIONS AND EVOLUTION OF THE
CRANIUM
6. Jaw-Muscle Function and the Origin of Primates 179
Vinyard, C. J., Ravosa, M. J., Williams, S. H., Wall, C. E.,
Johnson, K. R., and Hylander, W. L.
Introduction 179
Functional Morphology of the Primate Masticatory 180
Apparatus
Interpretations of the Masticatory Apparatus in the
First Primates 192
Tree shrew Feeding Ecology and Jaw Morphology—
A Reasonable Early Primate Model? 196
Materials and Methods 197
Jaw-Muscle EMG 197
Comparative Primate EMG Data 202
Results 203
Treeshrew EMG 203
Comparison of Treeshrew and Primate EMG 206
Discussion 209
Jaw-Muscle EMG and Jaw Morphology in Treeshrews
and Primates 209
Jaw-Muscle EMG and the Conservation of Primate
Masticatory Behaviors 213
Mastication in the First Primates: In vivo Evidence
from Treeshrews and Primates 217
Conclusions 219
Acknowledgments 219
References 220
7. Were Basal Primates Nocturnal? Evidence From Eye and
Orbit Shape 233
Ross, C. F., Hall, M. I., and Heesy, C. P.
Introduction 233
Orbital Convergence 235
Orbit Size and Shape 237
Reconstructions of Orbit Size and Shape in Basal Primates 240
Materials and Methods 241
Eye Shape Measures 241
Contents ix
Orbit Shape Measures 241
Results 242
Eye Size and Shape 242
Orbit Size and Shape 246
Discussion 248
The Eyes of Basal Primates 248
The Eyes of Haplorhines 251
Conclusions 252
Acknowledgments 252
References 253
8. Oculomotor Stability and the Functions of the
Postorbital Bar and Septum 257
Heesy, C. P., Ross, C. F., and Demes, B.
Introduction 257
Neurological and Morphological Maintenance of Eye Position 260
What Are the Consequences of Disruption of Oculomotor
Coordination? 263
Focus of This Study 266
Methods 267
Results 268
Discussion and Conclusions 271
Discussion of the Ocular Kinematic Results 271
Oculomotor Stability and the Function of the Postorbital Bar 272
Oculomotor Stability and the Function of the Haplorhine
Septum 275
Summary 276
Acknowledgments 277
References 277
9. Primate Origins and the Function of the Circumorbital
Region: What’s Load Got to Do with It? 285
Ravosa, M. J., Savakova, D. G., Johnson, K. R.,
and Hylander, W. L.
Introduction 285
Masticatory Stress and Circumorbital Form 286
Galago Circumorbital Peak-Strain Magnitudes 289
Galago Circumorbital Principal-Strain Directions 293
Facial Torsion and the Evolution of the Primate Postorbital Bar 294
x Contents
Nocturnal Visual Predation and Circumorbital Form 298
Orbital Form and Patterns of Covariation 301
Nocturnal Visual Predation and the Evolution of Orbit
Orientation and the Postorbital Bar 307
Phylogenetic Evidence Regarding the NVPH and the
Evolution of Circumorbital Form 316
Conclusions 317
Acknowledgments 320
References 320
PART III: ADAPTATIONS AND EVOLUTION OF THE
POSTCRANIUM
10. Origins of Grasping and Locomotor Adaptations in
Primates: Comparative and Experimental Approaches
Using an Opossum Model 329
Lemelin, P. and Schmitt, D.
Introduction 329
Models of Primate Origins: A Review 331
Convergence between Opossums and Primates: Comparative
Studies 334
A Review of Didelphid and Cheirogaleid Ecology and Behavior 335
Substrate Use and Cheiridial Morphology: A Functional Model 339
Morphometric Results 341
Performance Results 346
Convergence between Opossums and Primates: Experimental
Studies 351
Materials and Methods 353
Gait Patterns 356
Arm Protraction 359
Vertical Force Distribution on Limbs 362
Discussion and Conclusions 363
Acknowledgments 368
References 369
11. Evolvability, Limb Morphology, and Primate Origins 381
Hamrick, M. W.
Introduction 381
Theoretical Criteria for Evolvability 383
