Primate Adaptation and Evolution, Second Edition

611 Pages·1998·55.44 MB·English

by  John G. Fleagle

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C O N T E N T S
Tables&Illustrations ix APrimateDay 55
Preface xvii PrimateDiets 55
Locomotion 57
SocialLife 59
Individuals,Groups,andCommunities 62
ONE
Adaptation,Evolution, WhyPrimatesLiveinGroups 63
ProtectionfromPredators • ImprovedAccessto
andSystematics Food • AccesstoMates • Assistancein
Adaptation 1 ProtectingandRearingOffspring •
Evolution 1 Phylogeny • PolyspecificGroups
SpeciesandSpeciation • Patternsof PrimateLifeHistories 67
Evolution • Phylogeny LifeHistoryDiversity
TaxonomyandSystematics 5 PrimateCommunities 72
Bibliography 9 Bibliography 73
TWO FOUR
ThePrimateBody Prosimians
Size 11 Strepsirhines 82
CranialAnatomy 12 MalagasyStrepsirhines 85
BonesoftheSkull • TeethandChewing • Cheirogaleids • Lemurids • Lepilemurids(or
TongueandTaste • MusclesofFacialExpression Megaladapids) • Indriids • Daubentoniids
TheBrainandSenses 19 SubfossilMalagasyProsimians 104
TheBrain • CranialBloodSupply • Palaeopropithecines,orSlothLemurs •
Olfaction • Vision • Hearing SubfossilLemurids • SubfossilLepilemurids
TheTrunkandLimbs 27 AdaptiveRadiationofMalagasyPrimates 109
AxialSkeleton • UpperLimb • Lower GalagosandLorises 110
Limb • LimbProportions Galagids • Lorisids
SoftTissues 36 AdaptiveRadiationofGalagosandLorises 116
DigestiveSystem • ReproductiveSystem PhyleticRelationshipsofStrepsirhines 117
GrowthandDevelopment 39 Tarsiers 118
Bibliography 43 PhyleticRelationshipsofTarsiers 120
Bibliography 122
THREE
PrimateLives FIVE
PrimateHabitats 47 NewWorldAnthropoids
ForestHabitats • PrimatesinTropical AnatomyofHigherPrimates 133
Ecosystems Platyrrhines 136
LandUse 52 Pitheciines • Callicebinae • Aotines •
ActivityPatterns 52 Atelines • Cebinae • Callitrichines
v
vi CONTENTS
AdaptiveRadiationofPlatyrrhines 171 AnatomicalCorrelatesofSocial
PhyleticRelationshipsofPlatyrrhines 173 Organization 306
Bibliography 174 AdaptationandPhylogeny 308
Bibliography 309
SIX
OldWorldMonkeys TEN
CatarrhineAnatomy 185 TheFossilRecord
Cercopithecoids 185 GeologicalTime 316
Cercopithecines • Colobines Paleomagnetism • PlateTectonicsand
AdaptiveRadiationofOldWorldMonkeys 220 ContinentalDrift • Paleoclimate
PhyleticRelationshipsofOldWorld FossilsandFossilization 320
Monkeys 221 Paleoenvironments 323
Bibliography 218 ReconstructingBehavior 324
Paleobiogeography 325
Bibliography 326
SEVEN
ApesandHumans
Hominoids 235 ELEVEN
Hylobatids • Pongids • SizeandEvolutionof PrimateOrigins
theAfricanApes • Hominids Archontans—PrimatesandOther
AdaptiveRadiationofHominoids 256 Mammals 330
PhyleticRelationshipsofHominoids 258 TreeShrews • FlyingLemurs • Bats
Bibliography 259 Plesiadapiforms 332
Purgatorius • Plesiadapids • Carpolestids •
Saxonellids • Paromomyids •
Micromomyids • Microsyopids •
EIGHT Palaechthonids • Picrodontids • Picromomyids
PrimateCommunities
AdaptiveRadiationofPlesiadapiforms 342
PrimateBiogeography 267 PlesiadapiformsandPrimates 344
EcologyandBiogeography 270 ThePhylogeneticOriginsofPrimatesamong
ComparingPrimateCommunities 272 theArchonta 345
Bibliography 282 TheAdaptiveOriginofPrimates 346
Bibliography 347
NINE
PrimateAdaptations
TWELVE
EffectsofSize 283 FossilProsimians
SizeandDiet • SizeandLocomotion • Size
TheFirstModernPrimates 354
andLifeHistory • SizeandEcology
TheOriginofProsimians 356
AdaptationstoDiet 291
DentalAdaptations • OtherOralAdaptations • Adapoids 356
DigestiveTractAdaptations • Dietand Notharctines • Cercamoniines
Ranging • DietandSocialGroups (Protoadapines) • Adapines • Sivaladapines
LocomotorAdaptations 297 AreAdapoidsStrepsirhines? 369
ArborealQuadrupeds • FossilLorisesandGalagos 371
TerrestrialQuadrupeds • Leapers • Omomyoids 372
SuspensoryPrimates • Bipeds • Omomyids • Anaptomorphines •
LocomotorCompromises • Locomotion, Omomyines • Microchoerids • Asian
Posture,andEcology Omomyoids • AfricanOmomyoids • Tarsiids
CONTENTS vii
Omomyoids,Tarsiers,andHaplorhines 383 TheEvolutionofLivingHominoids 480
AdaptiveRadiationsofEoceneProsimians 385 Bibliography 483
PhyleticRelationshipsofAdapidsand
Omomyids 387
Bibliography 388
SIXTEEN
FossilOldWorldMonkeys
Victoriapithecids:TheEarliestOldWorld
THIRTEEN
Monkeys 491
EarlyAnthropoids
FossilCercopithecids 495
EoceneAnthropoidsfromAsia 397 FossilCercopithecines • FossilColobines
EoceneandOligoceneAnthropoidsfromAfrica SummaryofFossilCercopithecoids 504
andArabia 399 Bibliography 506
FossilPrimatesfromFayum,Egypt •
Parapithecids • Propliopithecids •
Oligopithecids
OtherNorthAfricanandArabianEarly SEVENTEEN
Anthropoids 415 Hominids,theBipedalPrimates
Oman • Algeria • Tunisia
Australopithecines 511
EarlyAnthropoidAdaptations 416 Ardipithecus • Australopithecus •
PhyleticRelationshipsofEarly Paranthropus
Anthropoids 417 AustralopithecineAdaptationsandHominid
ProsimianOriginsofAnthropoids 418 Origins 523
SolvingAnthropoidOrigins 421 PhyleticRelationshipsofEarlyHominids 529
Bibliography 421 EarlyHomo 530
Homohabilis • Homorudolfensis • Homoerectus
andHomoergaster
LateHomo 535
FOURTEEN Homoheidelbergensis • Homoneanderthalensis •
FossilPlatyrrhines
Homosapiens
ThePlatyrrhineFossilRecord 427 HumanPhylogeny 539
TheEarliestPlatyrrhines 430 HumansasanAdaptiveRadiation 542
ThePatagonianPlatyrrhines 431 Bibliography 542
AMoreModernCommunity 436
PleistocenePlatyrrhines 441
CaribbeanPrimates 441
SummaryofFossilPlatyrrhines 443 EIGHTEEN
PatternsinPrimateEvolution
PlatyrrhineOrigins 444
Bibliography 447 PrimateAdaptiveRadiations 551
BodySizeChanges • DietaryDiversity •
LocomotorDiversity
PatternsinPrimatePhylogeny 556
FIFTEEN PrimateEvolutionattheSpeciesLevel 558
FossilApes
MosaicEvolution 561
LatestOligocenetoMiddleMioceneApesfrom PrimateExtinctions 563
Africa 453 ClimaticChanges • Competition • Predation
AdaptiveRadiationofProconsulids 454 • LimitingPrimateExtinctions
PhyleticRelationshipsofProconsulidsand Bibliography 567
OtherAfricanMioceneApes 465 Glossary 571
EurasianFossilApes 467 ClassificationofOrderPrimates 577
Pliopithecids • Oreopithecus • Pongidae Index 581
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T A B L E S & I L L U S T R A T I O N S
Tables 6.8 FamilyCercopithecidae,Subfamily
COLOBINAE,odd-nosedmonkeys 218
1.1 Aclassificationofthetuftedcapuchin 7.1 FamilyHYLOBATIDAE 239
monkey 5 7.2 FamilyPONGIDAE 243
2.1 Skeletalproportions 35 7.3 FamilyHOMINIDAE 255
4.1 FamilyCheirogaleidae 84 11.1 SuperfamilyINCERTAESEDIS 336
4.2 FamilyLemuridae 89 11.2 SuperfamilyPLESIADAPOIDEA 336
4.3 FamilyMegaladapidae 94 11.3 SuperfamilyMICROSYOPOIDEA 341
4.4 FamilyIndriidae 96 11.4 SuperfamilyINCERTAESEDIS 421
4.5 FamilyDaubentoniidae 99 12.1 FamilyIncertaesedis 356
4.6 FamilyGalagidae 109 12.2 FamilyNotharctidae,Subfamily
4.7 FamilyLorisidae 111 NOTHARCTINAE 360
4.8 FamilyTarsiidae 115 12.3 FamilyNotharctidae,Subfamily
5.1 SubfamilyPithecinae 140 CERCAMONIINAE 364
5.2 SubfamilyCallicebinae 147 12.4 FamilyIncertaesedis 365
5.3 SubfamilyAotinae 148 12.5 FamilyAdapidae,Subfamily
5.4 FamilyAtelinae 149 ADAPINAE 367
5.5 FamilyCebinae 157 12.6 FamilySivaladapidae,Subfamily
5.6 SubfamilyCallitrichinae 161 SIVALADAPINAE 369
6.1 FamilyCercopithecidae,Subfamily 12.7 SuperfamilyLORISOIDEA 371
CERCOPITHECINAE,macaques 192 12.8 FamilyOmomyidae,Subfamily
6.2 FamilyCercopithecidae,Subfamily ANAPTOMORPHINAE 377
CERCOPITHECINAE,mangabeys 194 12.9 FamilyOmomyoidea,Subfamily
6.3 FamilyCercopithecidae,Subfamily OMOMYINAE 380
CERCOPITHECINAE,baboonsand 12.10 SuperfamilyOmomyoidea,Family
geladas 196 MICROCHOERIDAE 381
6.4 FamilyCercopithecidae,Subfamily 12.11 SuperfamilyOmomyoidea,Subfamily
CERCOPITHECINAE,mandrillsand Incertaesedis 382
drills 199 12.12 FamilyTARSIIDAE 382
6.5 FamilyCercopithecidae,Subfamily 13.1 SuperfamilyIncertaesedis 398
CERCOPITHECINAE,guenons 201 13.2 SuperfamilyParapithecoidea 404
6.6 FamilyCercopithecidae,Subfamily 13.3 SuperfamilyPropliopithecoidea 411
Colobinae,Africancolobusmonkeys 207 14.1 InfraorderPLATYRRHINI 428
6.7 FamilyCercopithecidae,Subfamily 15.1 EARLYANDMIDDLEMIOCENE
COLOBINAE,langursandleaf APES 456
monkeys 211 15.2 FamilyPliopithecidae 468
ix
x TABLES&ILLUSTRATIONS
15.3 FamilyOREOPITHECIDAE 472 2.24 Skeleteonofbaboonfoot 35
15.4 FamilyPONGIDAE 475 2.25 Footskeletonandsoleofsixprimates 35
16.1 FamilyVictoriapithecidae,Subfamily 2.26 Orangutandigestivesystem 37
Victoriapithecinae 492 2.27 Gorillareproductiveorgans 38
16.2 FamilyCercopithecidae,Subfamily 2.28 Primatefetalmembranes 40
CERCOPITHECINAE 496 2.29 Timingofprimatelifehistoryevents 41
16.3 FamilyCercopithecidae,Subfamily 2.30 Humanandnonprimatemammalgrowth
COLOBINAE 501 curves 42
17.1 FamilyHOMINIDAE 512 2.31 Primategrowthcurves 43
2.32 Primatedentaleruptionsequences 43
Illustrations CHAPTER3
3.1 Primategeographicdistribution 48
CHAPTER1
3.2 Primatehabitats 49
1.1 Sharedspecializationsandancestral 3.3 Rainforestmicrohabitats 50
features 4 3.4 Primatelanduse 53
1.2 Aprimateclassification 6 3.5 Benefitsandcostsofdiurnalityand
1.3 Twoapproachestoapeandhuman nocturnality 54
classification 9 3.6 Primateactivityhistograms 56
3.7 Spatialdistributionoffoodresources 56
CHAPTER2 3.8 Primatelocomotorbehaviors 58
2.1 Mouselemurandgorilla,thesmallestand 3.9 Primatefeedingpostures 59
largestlivingprimates 12 3.10 Primatesocialgroups 60
2.2 Mammaliansizeranges 13 3.11 Primatelifehistorydiversity 69
2.3 Thehumanskull 14 3.12 Modelofmammalianlifehistory 70
2.4 Capuchinandlemurskulls 15 3.13 Primatelifehistoryparameters 71
2.5 Siamangdentalformula 16 3.14 Parentalcareandinfantgrowth 72
2.6 Primitiveprimatedentition 16
2.7 Primateskullandchewingmuscles 17
2.8 Primatetongues 18 CHAPTER4
2.9 Primatemusclesoffacialexpression 18 4.1 Geographicdistributionofextant
2.10 Primatebrains 20 prosimians 81
2.11 Functionalareasofthehumanbrain 21 4.2 Gradisticandphyleticdivisionof
2.12 Primatecranialbloodsupply 22 primates 82
2.13 Primatenasalregions 23 4.3 Malagasystrepsirhinedentitions 83
2.14 Primateandcatnoses 24 4.4 Strepsirhineskeletalfeatures 84
2.15 Primateandraccoonorbits 25 4.5 Strepsirhineskulls 84
2.16 Primateearstructure 26 4.6 ForesttypesofMadagascar 85
2.17 Primateexternalears 27 4.7 Sixcheirogaleidgenera 87
2.18 Primatetympanicregions 28 4.8 Predationofmouselemurbyowl 88
2.19 Spidermonkeyskeleton 29 4.9 Dietofforestheightpreferenceforfive
2.20 Baboonskeletonandlimbmusculature 30 sympatricMalagasyprosimians 89
2.21 Terminologyforanatomical 4.10 Threelemuridspecies 92
orientation 31 4.11 Gentlebamboolemurs 95
2.22 Skeletonofababoonhand 32 4.12 Threesympatricbamboolemurs 96
2.23 Handskeletonandpalmofsix 4.13 Sportivelemurs 97
primates 32 4.14 Sifaka,indris,andwoollylemurs 99
TABLES&ILLUSTRATIONS xi
4.15 Indriidskulls 101 5.22 White-lippedtamarinandsaddle-back
4.16 Indriskeleton 102 tamarin 166
4.17 Aye-aye 103 5.23 Liontamarin 169
4.18 ReconstructedMalagasynaturalsetting(ca. 5.24 Marmosetandtamarinlower
8,000–1,000B.P.) 105 dentition 170
4.19 Palaeopropithecusingensskeleton 107 5.25 Marmosetfaces 171
4.20 TheadaptivediversityofMalagasy 5.26 Pygmymarmoset 171
prosimians 109 5.27 Adaptivediversityofplatyrrhines 172
4.21 FivesympatriclorisoidsfromGabon 111 5.28 Platyrrhinephylogeny 174
4.22 Dietandforestheightpreferenceforfive
sympatricgalagosandlorisesfrom CHAPTER6
Gabon 112 6.1 Anatomicalfeaturesofcercopithecoidsand
4.23 Slowlorisandslenderloris 116 hominoids 187
4.24 Phylogenyofstrepsirhines 117 6.2 Geographicdistributionof
4.25 Tarsiusskull,dentitionandskeleton 119 cercopithecoids 188
4.26 Spectraltarsier 121 6.3 Anatomicalfeaturesofcolobinesand
cercopithecines 189
CHAPTER5 6.4 Skullsofcercopithecinesand
5.1 Anatomicalfeaturesofanthropoidsand colobines 190
prosimians 134 6.5 Crab-eatingmacaqueandpig-tailed
5.2 Anthropoidcranialanddental macaque 191
features 135 6.6 Diet,forestheightpreference,and
5.3 Geographicdistributionofextantand locomotorbehaviorofsixsympatric
extinctplatyrrhines 137 Malaysiancatarrhines 192
5.4 Platyrrhineandcatarrhinecranial 6.7 Mangabeysandcercopithecoidmolecular
characteristics 137 phylogeny 194
5.5 Platyrrhinedentitionsadaptedtodifferent 6.8 Savannahbaboon 196
foodtypes 138 6.9 Baboonskeleton 197
5.6 Platyrrhineskulls 138 6.10 Geladas 198
5.7 Twopithecineprimates 141 6.11 Mandrill 199
5.8 SevensympatricSuriname 6.12 Guenonfaces 202
platyrrhines 142 6.13 Crownedguenon,greaterspot-nosed
5.9 Diet,forestheightpreferences,and guenon,moustachedguenon 203
locomotorbehaviorforsevensympatric 6.14 Dietandforestheightpreferencesoffive
Surinameplatyrrhines 143 Gabonmonkeys 204
5.10 Beardedsakiskeleton 145 6.15 DeBrazza’smonkeys 205
5.11 Titimonkey 146 6.16 Vervetmonkeys 206
5.12 Nightmonkey 148 6.17 Redcolobusandblack-and-white
5.13 Redhowlingmonkey 151 colobus 208
5.14 Woollymonkey 153 6.18 GeographicdistributionofAsianleaf
5.15 Blackspidermonkey 154 monkeys 212
5.16 Woollyspidermonkey 156 6.19 Purple-facedmonkeyandHanuman
5.17 Tuftedcapuchinandsquirrel langur 213
monkey 158 6.20 Spectacledlangurandbandedleaf
5.18 Squirrelmonkeyskeleton 159 monkey 215
5.19 Unusualfeaturesofcallitrichines 162 6.21 Locomotorandanatomicaldifferences
5.20 Goeldi’smonkey 164 betweenPresbytismelalophosand
5.21 Tamarinfaces 165 Trachypithecusobscura 216
xii TABLES&ILLUSTRATIONS
6.22 Proboscismonkey 218 8.6 Distributionofprimategroupsizeinfour
6.23 Goldenmonkey 219 majorgeographicalareas 273
6.24 AdaptiveradiationofOldWorld 8.7 Ecologicaldistributionofspeciesintwo
monkeys 220 MalagasyandtwoAfricanprimate
6.25 MorphologicalphylogenyofOldWorld communities 274
monkeys 221 8.8 Ecologicaldistributionofspeciesintwo
6.26 MolecularphylogeniesofOldWorld AsianandtwoSouthAmericanprimate
monkeys 222 communities 275
8.9 Diurnalandnocturnalprimate
CHAPTER7 communities,Ranomafana,
7.1 Geographicdistributionofextant Madagascar 276
apes 236 8.10 Diurnalandnocturnalprimate
7.2 Characteristicskeletalfeaturesofextant communities,Marazolaza,Madagascar 277
apes 237 8.11 Diurnalandnocturnalprimate
7.3 Geographicdistributionandfacial communities,TaiForest,IvoryCoast 278
characteristicsofextantgibbons 238 8.12 DiurnalprimatesofKualaLompat,
7.4 Lowerjawsofasiamangandan Malaysa 279
orangutan 239 8.13 PrimatecommunityofRaleighvallen-
7.5 Gibbonskeleton 240 VoltsbergNatureReserve,Surinam 280
7.6 White-handedgibbonand
siamang 241
7.7 Locomotorbehaviorandfeedingpostures CHAPTER9
oftheMalayansiamang 242 9.1 Mathematicalrelationshipoflinear,areal,
7.8 Orangutan 244 andvolumetricdimensions 284
7.9 Mountaingorilla 246 9.2 Femoraofagorillaandapygmy
7.10 Gorillaskeleton 247 marmoset 285
7.11 Chimpanzee 249 9.3 Growthallometry,intraspecificallometry,
7.12 Bonobochimpanzee 252 interspecificallometry 286
7.13 SkullallometryofAfricanapes 253 9.4 Correlationofprimatedietaryhabitsand
7.14 Human 254 bodysize 287
7.15 Humanskeleton 254 9.5 Correlationofprimatelocomotorbehavior
7.16 Femalelifespanofhumansandother andbodysize 289
vertebrates 257 9.6 Locomotorconsequencesof
7.17 Adaptiveradiationofliving bodysize 289
hominoids 258 9.7 Posturalconsequencesofbodysize 290
7.18 Phyleticrelationshipsamong 9.8 Dailyfoodintakeandbodysize 291
hominoids 258 9.9 Primateanatomicaladaptationsto
diet 293
CHAPTER8 9.10 Foodpropertiesanddentalblades 294
8.1 Distributionoflivingprimatesinfour 9.11 Anatomicalfeaturesofaprimatearboreal
biogeographicalareas 268 quadruped 298
8.2 Relationshipofprimatespeciesandtropical 9.12 Anatomicalfeaturesofaprimateterrestrial
rainforestarea 269 quadruped 300
8.3 Relationshipofprimatespeciesandannual 9.13 Anatomicalfeaturesofaprimate
rainfall 270 leaper 301
8.4 Distributionofprimatebodysizesinfour 9.14 Anatomicalfeaturesofasuspensory
biogeographicalareas 271 primate 302
8.5 Distributionofprimateactivitypatternsand 9.15 Anatomicalfeaturesofabipedal
dietinfourmajorgeographicalareas 272 primate 303