Table Of ContentPrevention of Hazardous Fires and Explosions
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Series 1: Disarmament Technologies - Vol. 26
Prevention of Hazardous Fires
and Explosions
The Transfer to Civil Applications of
Military Experiences
edited by
V. E. Zarko
Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS,
Novosibirsk, Russia
V. Weiser
Fraunhofer Institut Chemische Technologie ICT,
Pfinztal, Germany
N. Eisenreich
Fraunhofer Institut Chemische Technologie ICT,
Pfinztal, Germany
and
A. A.Vasil'ev
Lavrentyev Institute of Hydrodynamics SB RAS,
Novosibirsk, Russia
W
Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V.
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
Prevention on Hazardous Fires and Explosions
The Transfer to Civil Applications of Military Experiences
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-0-7923-5769-8 ISBN 978-94-011-4712-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-4712-5
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1999
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1999
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by
any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright
owner.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE
1. C. o. Leiber, R. M. Doherty
Review on explosion events -a comparison of military and civil experiences
2. B. N. Kondrikov
Explosions caused by fires at high explosives production
3. M. A. Delichatsios
Prediction of large scale fire behavior using nuterial flammability properties 2
4. V. N. Parmon, O. P. Krivoruchko, Yu. I. Aristov
Use of modern composite materials of the chemical heat accumulator type I 3
for fire protection and fire extinguishing
5. 1. L. Cordova, Y. Zhou, C. C. Pfaff, A. C. Fernandez-Pello
Test method for ranking the fire properties of materials in space based facilities 4
6. V. Weiser, N. Eisenreich, W. Eckl
From rocket exhaust plume to fire hazards -methods to analyse radiative heat flux 6
7. B. H. Hjertager, T.Solberg
A review of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling of gas explosions 7
8. A. A. Vasil'ev
Detonation hazards of gaseous mixtures 9
9. V. V. Mitrofanov, S. A. Zhdan
Evaluation of hazard of spray detonation 10
10. M. Samirant
Dispersion-initiation and detonation of liquid and dust aerosols -experiences 12
derived from military fuel-air explosives
II. Yu. N. Shebeko
Hydrogen fire and explosion safety of atomic power plants 13
12. A. A. Vasil'ev, A. I. Valishev, V. A. Valishev, L. V. Panfilova, i. A. Oopchian
Hydrogen accidents and their hazards 15
vi
13. J. P. Garo, J. P. Vantelon
Thin layer boilover of pure or multicomponent fuels 167
14. E. A. Granovsky, V. A. Lyfar', E. V. Vasiljuk
Industrial accident modelling: consequences and risk 183
15. V. S. Babkin
The problems of porous flame-arresters 199
16. L. De Luca, L. Galfetti
Ignition and extinction of solid propellants by thermal radiation 215
17. A. G. Knyazeva, V. E. Zarko
An assessment of ignition hazard for shielded energetic materials and its relation
to flammable chemicals 251
18. H. Singh
Application of high energy materials for commercial use - the Indian scene 265
19. E. Planas-Cuchi, J. Casal
Modelling of fIre effects on equipment engulfed in a fIre 273
20. A. V. Fedorov, V. M. Fomin, T. A. Khmel'
Mathematical modeling of catastrophic explosions of dispersed aluminum dust 287
21. 1.1. Zarudnev, Y. P. Buravlev, V. V. Gazhiyenko, Y. A. Gorbunov
Characteristics and applicability of radiothermallocation system for the purpose of
fIre detection in Chemobyl NPP area 301
22. A. M. Grishin
Limiting conditions of forest fIres spreading and elaboration of the new methods
to fIght them 305
23. D. G. Akhmetov, B. A. Lugovtsov, V. A. Maletin
Vortex powder method for extinguishing a fIre on spouting gas-oil wells 319
24. G. V. Ivanov, V. G. Ivanov, V. G. Surkov, O. V. Gawrilyuk
Nanosize electro-explosion powders: assessment of safety in the production and
application 329
25. V. A. Shandakov, V. F. Komarov, V. P. Borochkin
Cold gas generators: multiple use in hazardous situations 341
vii
26. B. Vetlicky, M. Krupka
Fast response fire extinguishing systems based on military equipment 347
27. V. I. Manzalei
On near-limiting mechanisms of catastrophic explosions penetrating through
channels 351
PREFACE
Military research and development not only aims at destruction but also at protection of
men, equipment and facilities against effects of weapons. Therefore concepts have been
developed that improve safety for stationary and mobile facilities against action of
pressure waves (detonation of warheads during conventional attacks), thermal radiation
(nuclear bombs) and fires which induced precautions of fire safety to protect
ammunition depots and crew's quarters. Effective fast fire extinguishing systems were
designed for tank compartments and motors. To destroy closed buildings and remove
land mines the gas and dust explosions (FAE = Fuel/Air Explosives) have been used. In
the process of production of ammunition and explosives a number of safety
requirements has to be met in order to eliminate the ignition sources and to avoid the
total damage in the case of hazardous situations like explosions. On this way military
and related industries have accumulated vast knowledge and sophistic experience which
is very valuable in various civil applications like chemical industries and energy
production.
All this expertise requires interdisciplinary specialists with comprehensive knowledge
of complex relations in physics, chemistry and engineering sciences. The knowledge is
based on theoretical and experimental research work the origin of which dates back to
many centuries and often had been classified and is therefore unknown to civil
researchers.
The aim of the workshop was the exchange of highly academic knowledge and results
of scientific research on the topics of industrial safety technology. The main focus
concerned effects, protection, suppression and avoidance of fire and explosion hazards.
The researchers who primarily worked on military subjects met qualified experts in
civil safety aspects of fires and explosions to discuss their experience and to work out
new concepts concerning co-operation, especially application of military know-how for
civil use.
In this context contributions from Europe, the former Soviet Unions and the USA to the
following objectives are presented:
• Fire risk in plants and storage
• Ignition and flame spread
• Fires of solvents and industrial chemicals
• Gas- and dust-explosions
• Damage from fires and blasts
• Fire modelling
• Advanced extinguishing technologies
IX
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Major support for this useful workshop was provided by the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization. So we are very grateful to the NATO for all sponsorship. Special thanks
are due to Mrs. Nancy Schulte of the NATO Scientific Affairs Division for all her
patience and help and to Prof. Hiltmar Schubert who also accompanied all phases of the
workshop's organisation with willing suggestions.
The production of this volume was a collaborative work, and there are many to whom
the editors like to thank. Specially the good co-operation between Novosibirsk and
Pfinztal was exemplary.
Special thanks are due to all lectures and authors for their cooperation in preparing their
manuscripts, excellent presentation and dedication to the meeting.
REVIEW ON EXPLOSION EVENTS
-A COMPARISON OF MILITARY AND CIVIL EXPERIENCES
C.O. LEIBER *, R.M.DOHERTY **
Wehrwissenschaftliches Institut fur Werk-, Explosiv-
und Betriebsstoffe (WIWEB), D-539 J3 Swisttal, Germany - *
Naval Surface Warfare Center, Indian Head, Maryland, USA - **
Abstract
Some comparisons and distinctions between commercial explosives and those 0
military use result in the statement that these are very different in type, but quite simila
with respect to explosive events. Whereas most military explosives are formulatec
based on expectations derived from a simple classical theoretical description 0
detonation, one fmds in civil explosives a larger spectrum of explosive effect~
Therefore, due to the large quantities produced and consumed, commercial explosive
offer opportunities both for gaining knowledge and also for observing speci2
occurrences. It is further shown here that the simple classical theory caused one of th
largest explosive catastrophes in this century, which we cannot predict (and therefor
prevent), even today, by appropriate testing. Regulations in both the civil and th
military fields are more of a pragmatic nature than based on scientific facts. By using
more generalized detonation model, one can also describe physical explosions with
common set of basic mechanisms. An outline is given of several types of such physic,
explosions, which are not used for civil or military purposes, but do occur in nature, a
well as in daily life.
Introduction
It is a great honor to be able to give some comments on dangerous hydrodynami
events in the Mecca of hydrodynamics, Novosibirsk.
The intended message of this contribution is:
• With respect to explosion safety, we cannot learn all that we need to know fror
military experiences; rather we are in need of a back-conversion from civil t
military safety.
• Also with regard to the science of explosives, military aspects only partly illuminat
(sometimes in a misleading way) some obvious aspects, thereby ignoring basi
aspects of explosives behavior.
• Comparing western and eastern work, one fmds that the western hemisphere wa
leading in technical and legalistic solutions that can be applied in a straightforwar
v'E. Zarko et al. (eds.), Prevention o/Hazardous Fires and Explosions, I-IS.
© 1999 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
