Table Of ContentPreventing Ideological Violence
International Law, Crime and Politics
Preventing Ideological Violence: Communities, Police and Case Studies
of “Success”
Edited By P . Daniel Silk , Basia Spalek , and Mary O’Rawe
Preventing Ideological
Violence
Communities, Police and
Case Studies of “Success”
Edited by
P. Daniel Silk , Basia Spalek,
and Mary O’Rawe
PREVENTING IDEOLOGICAL VIOLENCE
Copyright © P. Daniel Silk, Basia Spalek, and Mary O’Rawe 2013.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-1-137-29037-3
All rights reserved.
First published in 2013 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN®
in the United States— a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC,
175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010.
Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world,
this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited,
registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills,
Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS.
Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies
and has companies and representatives throughout the world.
Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States,
the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries.
ISBN 978-1-349-45052-7 ISBN 978-1-137-29038-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9781137290380
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the
Library of Congress.
A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library.
Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India.
First edition: April 2013
1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Transferred to Digital Printing in 2013
Contents
Series Introduction vii
Introduction 1
Mary O’Rawe, P. Daniel Silk, and Basia Spalek
P art I
1 The Role of Communities and Police in Preventing
Ideological Violence: Considering the Literature,
Policies, and Potential 1 5
Mary O’Rawe, P. Daniel Silk, and Basia Spalek
2 The Sociopolitical Contexts Affecting Police-Community
Engagement in Northern Ireland, Britain, and the
United States 33
Tara Lai Quinlan, Basia Spalek, and Mary O’Rawe
Part II
3 Police, Community, Conflict, and Context: Some
Thoughts on British Muslim and Irish Comparisons 5 5
Mark McGovern
4 The Muslim Safety Forum: Senior Police and Muslim
Community Engagement during the War on Terror 6 7
Robert Lambert
Part III
5 Communities and Policing in Transition: The Northern
Ireland Experience 9 1
Noel Rooney and Liam Maskey
6 Making Sense of Models of Community-Police
Engagements in North Belfast 105
John Loughran
vi Contents
7 Lessons Learned from Loyalist-Police Engagement in
Northern Ireland: The Connect Program 1 27
Winston Irvine
8 Prevent and Police-Community Partnerships in
Birmingham 137
Zubeda Limbada
9 Community Partnerships Thwart Terrorism 151
Deborah Ramirez, Tara Lai Quinlan, Sean P. Malloy,
and Taylor Shutt
10 Pioneers Always Take the Arrows: LAPD Outreach
to Muslim Communities in Los Angeles 171
Mark G. Stainbrook
11 Hearing Community Voices to Identify Best Practices:
Building Antiterrorism Partnerships with American
Muslims 191
Alejandro J. Beutel
12 Building Bridges: The Experience of Leaders in
Detroit, Michigan 2 09
Ihsan Alkhatib
13 Lessons Learned and Best Practices: The Outreach
Efforts of the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department
Community Policing Method with Emphasis on
the Muslim Community 227
Mike Abdeen
Conclusion 2 39
P. Daniel Silk, Mary O’Rawe, and Basia Spalek
Notes on Contributors 2 65
Series Introduction
It is almost certainly a clich é by now that the September 11, 2001, ter-
rorists attacks on the United States changed the world. These events
did so in many ways, including the launching of a multinational war
in Afghanistan against al-Qaeda. But perhaps the most significant
change was in the eroding of the traditional boundaries between
domestic policing and criminal justice and international security
concerns. In countries such as the United States, Great Britain, and
Spain, three countries that experienced terrorist attacks, political and
legal pressures were placed on the government to protect the borders,
maintain law and order, and also respect domestic and international
human rights and law.
But well before the events of 9/11 and the appearance of al-Qaeda
on the international scene, other countries faced what they considered
to be domestic terrorist or other threats that challenged the capacity of
law enforcement agencies to respond. This included Great Britain and
its effort to address violence and unrest in Northern Ireland inspired
by Republican or Loyalist forces in Belfast. How the American and
British authorities and the police responded to their threats is the sub-
ject of Preventing Ideological Violence: Communities, Police and Case
Studies of “Success,” , edited by P. Daniel Silk, Basia Spalek, and Mary
O’Rawe.
Silk, Spalek, and O’Rawe have produced an edited volume of aca-
demics and practitioners who collectively examine counterterrorism
techniques in three contexts—Britain, Northern Ireland, and the
United States of America. But they do so from the perspective of
community policing. Community policing as a law enforcement strat-
egy came to fore in the 1980s in response to arguments that there
needed to be closer collaboration between the police and the com-
munity. Instead of police simply responding to crime, a more effective
technique to maintaining order would be fostering closer collabora-
tion between the people and the authorities. Encouraging police to
get to know their community and the public to trust them would
viii Series Introduction
result in a more effective model of preventing not only traditional
forms of crime but also perhaps domestic terrorism.
Community policing effected a law enforcement revolution across
the world as many jurisdictions adopted it. Some heralded it as
responsible for declining crime rates, yet questions persisted to why.
Preventing Ideological Violence provides an excellent examination of
how community policing really works. It offers contrasting perspec-
tives of the theories behind community policing as well as specific
case studies from those in charge of actually implementing them and
putting them into practice. The book yields important lessons, both
practical and academic, regarding why community policing works
and perhaps how to improve its techniques.
Preventing Ideological Violence is a compelling book inaugurat-
ing the new Palgrave book series “International Law, Crime, and
Politics.” The editorial series publishes single-author and edited
monographs for scholarly or classroom use that explore the interre-
lationships between international politics, and criminal justice issues.
It widely examines the boundaries and intersections between inter-
national law, domestic crime, and global political issues. Topics in
the series will include but not be limited to exploring human rights,
international law, terrorism, globalism and globalization, interna-
tional political economy, NGOs, crime and international affairs, and
international politics and international institutions such as the World
Court, International Criminal Court, European Court of Justice,
and the European Court of Human Rights.
The editorial goal of this book series is to publish the most rel-
evant and important scholarly works that examine these topics. It will
provide readers the intellectually best research that investigates a new
world of scholarship that reflects a world that has blurred old bound-
aries and has created a new global order.
DAVID SCHULTZ,
Professor and Series Editor
Hamline University,
St. Paul, Minnesota USA
[email protected]
Introduction
Mary O’Rawe , P. Daniel Silk , and Basia Spalek
Introduction
Given recent efforts by governments in the United Kingdom and
the United States to develop counterterrorism policies that contain
distinct, locally emphasized police engagement practices (see, e.g.,
Lowe and Innes 2 008; Spalek, El Awa, and McDonald 2008; HM
Government 2 011; The White House 2011; Spalek 2012 ), this book
is designed to explore the application of “community policing” activi-
ties as a means to address the causes of ideologically inspired violence.
The book seeks to encourage deeper exploration and debate around
the roles that communities and the police (and the “state” more
broadly) should, and should not, have in the “pre-crime” arena. This
is especially important in circumstances where ideological influences
are increasingly becoming the concern of government, and certain
sections of communities garner more law-enforcement attention, per-
taining to the prevention of extremist violence.
Like many other academic books, this one assesses the effects of
particular laws, policies, and practices against the backdrop of rel-
evant literature. More than this, it also includes first-hand input and
experiences from practitioners “on the ground” in three jurisdic-
tions—Britain, Northern Ireland, and the United States of America.
To assist in the development of a unique and contextualized picture,
the book, therefore, not only employs academic commentary, but
additionally provides an opportunity for practitioners (both police
and civilian) to speak for themselves, as among those whose voices
are often missing from broader discussions of where we are going
and why. In this book, Preventing Ideological Violence: Communities,
Police and Case Studies of “Success,” we hope that the inclusion of the
views of practitioners in this arena will both enhance dialogue, and,
at the same time, contribute to a more holistic understanding and
analysis of government security efforts as filtered through the lens of
police-community partnerships at the local level.
