Prevalence of Marine Zooplankton around Port Sudan By Amjed Ginawi Ahmed Ginawi B. Sc ...

93 Pages·2013·1.52 MB·English

Prevalence of Marine Zooplankton around Port Sudan

By

Amjed Ginawi Ahmed Ginawi

B. Sc. Honours, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Fisheries,
Red Sea University, 2005.

A thesis submitted for the requirement of
M. Sc. in Environmental Sciences,
Institute of Environmental Studies

Supervisior: Dr. Derar Hassan Nasar
Co-supervisor: Prof. Zuheir Nour El Dayen Mahmoud

Institute of Environmental Studies
University of Khartoum

October 2010
TABLE of CONTENTS

Table of contents I
Dedication III
Acknowledgements IV
Abstract V
Abstract in Arabic VII
List of Figures IX
List of Tables X
List of appendices XI
CHAPTER ONE : INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 3
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1. Sampling sites 17
3.2. Collection of samples 17
3.3. Physical and chemical studies 17

3.4. Zooplankton studies 18
3.4.1. Qualitative 18
3.4.2. Quantitative 18
3.4.3. Identification and counting 20
3.5. Preparation of permanent slides 20
3.6. Statistical analysis 20
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS 21
4.1. Physical and Chemical characteristics of water 21
I
4.2. Zooplankton 22
4.3.Correlation be Acknowledgements n the physical and chemical
characteristics of water and mean total zooplankton 33
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION 37
Conclusions and Recommendations 43
References 45
Appendices 56

II
DEDICATION

Courtesy of this research to the father, my mother, my wife and
Mona Abd ElLatif.

III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to my Supervisor Dr. Drar Hassan Nasr, who gave me all the
assistance and to Prof. Zuheir Nour El Dayem Mahmoud for co-
supervising this work.
I am grateful to Ustaza Makarm Osman El Sayed for photographic
facilities, Mrs. Salah Omar, Mustafa Mohammed, Yasser Hassan and
Omer Hassan and Miss Hoyam Hashem for technical assistance.

IV
Abstract
Marine zooplankton and some physical parameters (water
temperature and transparency) and chemical parameters (salinity, pH and
phosphate, nitrate, nitrite and oxygen) were studied from November 2009
to October 2010, at six stations around Port Sudan. The stations were:
Tires Factory (station 1), Fish market (Station 2), Open Sea (Station 3),
the harbour entrance (Station 4), the Faculty of Marine Sciences and
Fisheries (Station 5) and Sea Land (Station 6). Marine zooplankton was
sampled, preserved, stained and identified according to the standard
methods. The physical and chemical parameters were determined
following standard methods. Fifteen groups of zooplankton (calanoida
copepods, cyclopoida copepods, branchyuran zoea, fish eggs,
cladocerans, oikopleura, shrimp larvae, sagitta, cumaceans, tintinids,
gastropod larvae, radiolarians, napulii, medusae, and polychaete larvae)
were recorded from the different stations at different frequencies. The
highest number of zooplankton was recorded in May (13430 ind. /m3).
Calanoida copepods, cyclopoida copepods were the dominant groups and
cladocerans were the least recorded. The highest number recorded in a
station was (18998 ind/m3) in station 1 and the least was (5519 ind/m3) at
station 6. Multiple correlation analysis was used to quantify the
relationship between the total number of zooplankton and the physical
and chemical parameters at each station. The correlation was
significantly high (p<0.05) in station 4 and low in station 5. A positive
relationship was found between dissolved oxygen concentration,
transparency and nitrate concentration with the total number of
V
zooplankton. A significant correlation (p<0.05) was found between high
salinity and low total number of zooplankton. The study derived a
mathematical model correlating total zooplankton with the physical and
chemical parameters studied. This model perhaps may be the first of its
kind in the Red Sea. The study recommends deriving similar models
from other parts of the Sudanese coast and the region, and verifies the
feasibility of its application with focus on the physical and chemical
parameters with highest impact on marine zooplankton. This will reduce
the effort and resources expended in these studies.
VI
صﻠﺧﺗﺳﻣ
ﺔﯾﺋﺎﯾﻣﯾﻛﻟاو (ﺔﯾﻓﺎﻔﺷﻟاو ءﺎﻣﻟاو ةررا ﺣﻟا ﺔﺟرد) ﺔﯾﺋﺎﯾزﯾﻔﻟا لﻣاوﻌﻟا ضﻌﺑ و ﺔﯾرﺣﺑﻟا تﺎﻣﺋﺎﻬﻟا تﺳرد
نﯾﺑ ﺎﻣ ةرﺗﻔﻟا ﻲﻓ (نﯾﺟﺳﻛوﻻاو تﯾرﺗﻧﻟاو ترا ﺗﻧﻟاو تﺎﻔﺳوﻔﻟا زﯾﻛرا ﺗو ﻲﻧﯾﺟوردﯾﻬﻟا سﻻاو ﺔﺣوﻠﻣﻟا)
:ﻰﻫ تﺎطﺣﻣﻟا .نادوﺳ روﺑ لوﺣ تﺎطﺣﻣ ﺔﺗﺳ ﻲﻓ , 2010 رﺑوﺗﻛوا ﻰﺗﺣ 2009 رﺑﻣﻓوﻧ
لﺧدﻣ ،(3 ﺔطﺣﻣ) حوﺗﻔﻣﻟا رﺣﺑﻟا ،(2 ﺔطﺣﻣ) كﻣﺳﻟا قوﺳ ،(1 ﺔطﺣﻣ) ترا ﺎطﻹا ﻊﻧﺻﻣ
ﻊﻣﺟ مﺗ .(6 ﺔطﺣﻣ) دﻧﻻ ﻰﺳﻟا و ،(5 ﺔطﺣﻣ) دﺋﺎﺻﻣﻟا و رﺎﺣﺑﻟا موﻠﻋ ﺔﯾﻠﻛ ،(4 ﺔطﺣﻣ) ءﺎﻧﯾﻣﻟا
ﺔﯾﺳﺎﯾﻘﻟا قرطﻟا بﺳﺣ ﺔﯾﺋﺎﯾﻣﯾﻛﻟاو ﺔﯾﺋﺎﯾزﯾﻔﻟا لﻣاوﻌﻟا ﺔﺳرا دو ﺎﻬﯾﻠﻋ فرﻌﺗﻟاو ﺎﻬظﻔﺣو تﺎﻣﺋﺎﻬﻟا
تﺎطﺣﻣﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻔﻠﺗﺧﻣ بﺳﻧﺑ ﺔﯾﻧاوﯾﺣﻟا تﺎﻣﺋﺎﻬﻟا نﻣ ﺔﻋوﻣﺟﻣ 15 ﻰﻠﻋ فر ﻌﺗﻟا مﺗ .ﺔﻌﺑﺗﻣﻟا
:ﻲﻫو ﺔﻔﻠﺗﺧﻣﻟا
(calanoida copepods, cyclopoida copepods, branchyuran zoea, fish eggs,
cladocerans, oikopleura, shrimp larvae, sagitta, cumaceans, tintinids,
gastropod larvae, radiolarians, napulii, medusae, and polychaete larvae)
:ﻲﻫ ةدﺋﺎﺳﻟا تﺎﻋوﻣﺟﻣﻟا تﻧﺎﻛو (3م/درﻓ134300 )وﯾﺎﻣ رﻬﺷ ﻲﻓ تﺎﻣﺋﺎﻬﻠﻟ ددﻋ ﻰﻠﻋا نﺎﻛ
لﻗا تﻧﺎﻛﻓ Cladocerans لا ﺎﻣا Calanoida copepods, cyclopoida copepods
ﺎﻬﻠﻗاو (1)ﺔطﺣﻣﻟا نﻣ (3م/درﻓ 18998) وﻫ ﺔطﺣﻣﻟا ﻲﻓ لﺟﺳ ددﻋ ﻰﻠﻋا نﺎﻛو ﺔﻠﺟﺳﻣﻟا دادﻋﻻا
نﯾﺑ ﺎﻬﺗﯾوﻧﻌﻣو ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟا دﯾدﺣﺗﻟ ددﻌﺗﻣﻟا طﺎﺑﺗرﻻا لﻣﺎﻌﻣ مدﺧﺗﺳا .(6)ﺔطﺣﻣﻟا دﻧﻋ (3م/درﻓ 5519)
ﺞﺋﺎﺗﻧﻟا تﻧﯾﺑ.ﺔطﺣﻣ لﻛ ﻲﻓ ﺔﯾﺋﺎﯾﻣﯾﻛﻟا و ﺔﯾﺋﺎﯾزﯾﻔﻟا لﻣاوﻌﻟا ﻊﻣ ﺔﯾﻧاوﯾﺣﻟا تﺎﻣﺋﺎﻬﻟا دادﻋا عوﻣﺟﻣ
ﺔﯾوﻧﻌﻣ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ تدﺟوو .(5)ﺔطﺣﻣﻟا ﻩﺎﻧداو (4) ﺔطﺣﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻠﻋا نﺎﻛ ددﻌﺗﻣﻟا طﺎﺑﺗرﻻا لﻣﺎﻌﻣ نا
VII
دﺟو .ﺔﯾﻧاوﯾﺣﻟا تﺎﻣﺋﺎﻬﻟا دادﻋا عوﻣﺟﻣ ﻊﻣ تﯾرﺗﻧﻟا و ﺔﯾﻓﺎﻔﺷﻟاو نﯾﺟﺳﻛوﻻا نﯾﺑ (p<0.05)
تﻣدﻗ .(p<0.05) ﺔﯾﻧاوﯾﺣﻟا تﺎﻣﺋﺎﻬﻟا دادﻋا عوﻣﺟﻣ ﺔﻠﻗو ﺔﯾﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﺔﺣوﻠﻣﻟا نﯾﺑ يوﻧﻌﻣ طﺎﺑﺗرا
دﻗو) ﺔﯾﺋﺎﯾﻣﯾﻛﻟاو ﺔﯾﺋﺎﯾزﯾﻔﻟا لﻣاوﻌﻟاو ﺔﯾرﺣﺑﻟا تﺎﻣﺋﺎﻬﻟا دادﻋا نﯾﺑ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻠﻟ ﺎﯾﺿﺎﯾر ﺎﺟذوﻣﻧا ﺔﺳرا دﻟا
ﺔﺳرا دﻟا تﺻوا .(رﻣﺣﻻا رﺣﺑﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻪﻋوﻧ نﻣ لوﻻا ةروﺷﻧﻣﻟا تﺎﯾﺑدﻻا ﻲﻓ ﻲﺻﻘﺗﻟا بﺳﺣ نوﻛﯾ
ىودﺟ نﻣ قﻘﺣﺗﻟاو مﯾﻠﻗﻻا و ﻲﻧادوﺳﻟا لﺣﺎﺳﻟا نﻣ ىرﺧا قطﺎﻧﻣ نﻣ ﻪﻬﺑﺎﺷﻣ جذﺎﻣﻧﻟ لﺻوﺗﻟﺎﺑ
،ﺔﯾرﺣﺑﻟا تﺎﻣﺋﺎﻬﻟا ﻊﯾزوﺗو دادﻋا ﻰﻠﻋ ةرﺛؤﻣﻟا ﺔﯾﺋﺎﯾﻣﯾﻛﻟاو ﺔﯾﺋﺎﯾزﯾﻔﻟا لﻣاوﻌﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ زﯾﻛرﺗﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻘﯾﺑطﺗ
.تﺎﺳرا دﻟا ةذﻫ لﺛﻣ ﻲﻓ فرﺻﺗ ﻲﺗﻟا دراوﻣﻟاو دﻬﺟﻟا نﻣ لﻠﻘﯾﺳ ﺎﻣﻣ

VIII
List of Figures
Fig.1. Map Red Sea: depth contours 6
Fig.2. The sampling stations 19
Fig.3. Calanoida Copepods 23
Fig.4. Cyclopoida Copepods 23
Fig.5 Brachyuran Zoea 24
Fig.6. Fish eggs 24
Fig.7. Cladocerans 25
Fig.8. Oikopleura 25
Fig.9. Shrimp Larvae 26
Fig.10. Sagitta 26
Fig.11. Cumaceans 27
Fig.12. Tintinnids 28
Fig.13. Gastropod Larvae 28
Fig.14. Radiolarians 29
Fig.15. Nauplii 29
Fig.16. Medusae 30
Fig.17. Polychaete Larvae 30
Fig.18. means number of Zooplankton individuals during Nov- Oct in
Harbour Port Sudan 32
Fig.19. Mean total zooplankton number and salinity in all stations 36

IX