Table Of ContentGreen Energy and Technology
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Zhen Fang
Editor
Pretreatment Techniques for
Biofuels and Biorefineries
2123
Editor
Prof.Dr.ZhenFang
BiomassGroup
XishuangbannaTropicalBotanicalGarden
ChineseAcademyofSciences
Kunming,Yunnan
People’sRepublicofChina
ISSN1865-3529 ISSN1865-3537(electronic)
ISBN978-3-642-32734-6 ISBN978-3-642-32735-3(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-32735-3
SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012953996
© Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013
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Preface
Pretreatmentisthefirstandthemostcrucialstepforeffectivelyusingbiomassandfor
developingnewroutestoproducebiofuelsandvalue-addedproducts.Pretreatmentis
aprocessintensivestepand,forexample,itisthesinglemostexpensiveprocessing
step in cellulosic ethanol production, making up approximately 20–40 % of the
productcost.Althoughtherearemanyresearcharticlesthatfocusonpretreatment
techniques,itwasfeltbytheauthorsthattherewasalackofacomprehensivesource
where one could turn to understand the many possible methods and their range of
application.
Thistextincludes19chapterscontributedbyworld-leadingexpertsonpretreat-
ment methods for biomass. It gives an extensive coverage for different types of
biomass (e.g. molasses, sugar beet pulp, cheese whey, sugarcane residues, palm
waste, vegetable oil, straws, stalks and wood), for different types of pretreatment
approaches (e.g. physical, thermal, chemical, physical–chemical and biological)
and for methods that show subsequent production of biofuels and chemicals such
as sugars, ethanol, extracellular polysaccharides, biodiesel, gas and oil. In addi-
tion to traditional methods such as steam, hot-water, hydrothermal, diluted acid,
organosolv,ozonolysis,sulfite,milling,fungalandbacterial,microwave,ultrasonic,
plasma, torrefaction, pelletization, gasification (including biogas) and liquefaction
pretreatments, noveltechniques(e.g. nano-andsolid-catalysts, organicelectrolyte
solutionsandionicliquids)areintroducedanddiscussed.
Eachchapterwasstrictlyreviewedexternallybyexpertsinbiofuelslistedinthe
Acknowledgement.Thechaptersarecategorizedintosevenparts:
• PartI:Biopretreatment
• PartII:ThermalPretreatment
• PartIII:ChemicalPretreatment
• PartIV:PhysicochemicalPretreatment
• PartV:Gasification,LiquefactionandBiogas
• PartVI:NovelPretreatmentTechniques
• PartVII:TreatmentofDifferentTypesofBiomass
Thisbookoffersareviewofstate-of-the-artresearchandprovidesguidanceforfuture
paths for developing pretreatment techniques of biomass for biofuels in the fields
v
vi Preface
ofbiotechnology,microbiology,chemistry,materialsscienceandengineering.Itis
ourintentiontoprovideasystematicintroductiontopretreatmenttechniques.Itisan
accessiblereferencebookforstudents,researchers,academiciansandindustrialists
inbiorefineries.
Acknowledgement
Firstandforemost,Iwouldliketothankallthecontributingauthorsfortheirmany
effortstoinsurethereliabilityoftheinformationgiveninthechapters.Contributing
authorshavereallymadethisprojectrealizable.
Apart from the efforts of authors, I would also like to acknowledge the refer-
ees listed below for carefully reading the book chapters and giving constructive
commentsthatsignificantlyimprovedthequalityofthebook:
Prof. NicolasAbatzoglou (Université de Sherbrooke, Canada), Dr. Muhammad
T.Afzal(Univ.ofNewBrunswick,Canada),Dr.TakuMichaelAida(TohokuUniv.,
Japan), Dr. Zainal Alimuddin Zainal Alauddin (Universiti Sains Malaysia), Prof.
Jacques E.Amouroux (LGPPTS/UPMC/ENSCP, France), Dr. AnjuArora (Indian
Agricultural Research Institute), Dr. Hassane Assaaoudi (McGill Univ., Canada),
Dr. HassanAzaizeh (Tel Hai College, Israel), Prof. Nicolas Brosse (Nancy Univ.,
France),Prof.RafaelB.MatoChaín(UniversidaddeValladolid,Spain),Dr.Pascale
Champagne (Queen’s Univ., Canada), Prof. Hongzhang Chen (ChineseAcademy
of Sciences), Prof.Andrzej G. Chmielewski (Warsaw Univ. ofTechnology), Prof.
Jae-woo Chung (Gyeongnam National Univ. of Science and Technology, South
Korea), Dr. Daniel Ciolkosz (Pennsylvania State Univ.), Dr. Louis J. Circeo (Ap-
pliedPlasmaArcTechnologies,LLC,Atlanta),Dr.RudolfDeutschmann(Lakehead
Univ., Canada), Dr. Tim Dumonceaux (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada), Dr.
Animesh Dutta (Univ. of Guelph, Canada), Prof. Elena Efremenko (The M.V.
Lomonosov Moscow State Univ.), Prof. Xu Fang (Shandong Univ., China), Prof.
ToshiFunazukuri(ChuoUniv., Japan), Prof. Pag-asaGaspillo(DeLaSalleUniv.,
Philippines), Dr. Anli Geng (Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore), Prof. Ashwani
K. Gupta (Univ. of Maryland), Prof. Rick Gustafson (Univ. ofWashington), Prof.
MichikazuHara(TokyoInstituteofTechnology),Prof.AdriaanvanHeiningen(Univ.
of Maine), Dr. Kazuhiko Ishikawa (Advanced Industrial Sciencr and Technology,
Japan), Dr. Keikhosro Karimi (Isfahan Univ. of Technology, Iran), Prof. Han-
sie Knoetze (Stellenbosch Univ., South Africa), Prof. Gunnur Kocar (Ege Univ.,
Turkey), Prof. RameshChanderKuhad(Univ. ofDelhiSouthCampus, India), Dr.
ChristopherLan(Univ.ofOttawa),Mr.Jean-RémiLanteigne(ÉcolePolytechnique
deMontréal,Canada),Dr.Jean-MichelLavoie(UniversitédeSherbrooke,Canada),
Dr.JianjunLi(ChineseAcademyofSciences),Dr.YeboLi(OhioStateUniv.),Prof.
vii
viii Acknowledgement
YinLi(ChineseAcademyofSciences),Dr.LinLin(JiangsuUniv.,China),Prof.Yun
Liu(BeijingUniv.ofChemicalTechnology),Dr.PoupakMehrani(Univ.ofOttawa),
Dr.FelipeAlatristeMondragon(InstitutoPotosinodeInvestigaciónCientificayTec-
nologica, Mexico), Dr.Antonis Mountouris (NationalTechnical Univ. ofAthens),
Dr.NaimNajami(TheAcademicArabCollegeofEducation,Israel),Prof.Yonghao
Ni(Univ.ofNewBrunswick),Prof.LuciaGarcíaNieto(UniversidaddeZaragoza,
Spain), Dr.Abdul-Sattar Nizami (Univ. ofToronto), Dr. Melek Özkan (Gebze In-
stitute ofTechnology, Turkey), Prof. Igor Polikarpov (Universidade de São Paulo,
Brazil),Prof.XinhuaQi(NankaiUniv.,China),Dr.WenshengQin(LakeheadUniv.),
Dr.ArmandoT.Quitain(KumamotoUniv.,Japan),Dr.R.MichaelRaab(Agrivida,
Massachusetts),Dr.MalaRao(NationalChemicalLab.,India),Prof.JosephP.Roise
(NorthCarolinaStateUniv.), Dr. GuusvanRossum(Univ. ofTwente, theNether-
lands),Prof.RogerRuan(Univ.ofMinnesota),Prof.ElioSantacesaria(Complesso
Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, Italy), Dr.Anton Sonnenberg (Wageningen UR,
theNetherlands),Dr.AndySoria(Univ.ofAlaska),Dr.WolfgangStelte(Technical
Univ. of Denmark), Dr. Chia-Hung Su (Ming-Chi Univ. of Technology, Taiwan,
ROC),Dr.LeeKeatTeong(UniversitiSainsMalaysia),Mr.Xiao-feiTian(Chinese
AcademyofSciences),Prof.MontserratZamoranoToro(UniversidaddeGranada,
Spain), Mr. SatriyoKridoWahono(IndonesianInstituteofSciences), Dr. Haisong
Wang(ChineseAcademyofSciences), Dr. Chunbao(Charles)Xu(WesternUniv.,
Canada),Dr.JingYang(SouthwestForestryUniv.,China),Dr.WennanZhang(Mid
Sweden Univ.), Dr. Xiao Zhang (Washington State Univ.), Prof. Xiao-yu Zhang
(Huazhong Univ. of Science and Technology, China), Dr. Y.-H. Percival Zhang
(VirginiaTech),Dr.XuebingZhao(TsinghuaUniv.,China),Dr.JunyongZhu(USDA
ForestService).
I am also grateful to Ms. June Tang (Associate Editor, Springer) for her
encouragementandguidelinesduringmypreparationofthebook.
Finally,Iwouldliketoexpressmydeepestgratitudetowardsmyfamilyfortheir
kindcooperationandencouragement,whichhelpmeincompletionofthisproject.
Especially,IwouldliketodedicatethisbooktomyMother(Ms.ShubiYu)forher
love and support during her final illness. She passed away at 9:30 am onApril 9,
2012inTaining,Fujian.
May30,2012 ZhenFang
Kunming
Contents
PartI Biopretreatment
1 Biological Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Enzymatic
Saccharification................................................ 3
NandhagopalNarayanaswamy,PratibhaDheeran,ShilpiVerma
andSachinKumar
2 MicrobialProductionofExtracellularPolysaccharidesfromBiomass 35
EbruToksoyÖner
PartII ThermalPretreatment
3 LignocellulosicBiomass—ThermalPre-treatmentwithSteam....... 59
SaqibSohailToor,LasseRosendahl,JessicaHoffmann,
JensBoHolm-NielsenandEhiazeAugustineEhimen
4 Stalk Inhomogeneity and Steam Explosion Integrated Fractional
RefiningTechnologySystem..................................... 77
HongzhangChenandJunyingZhao
5 PretreatmentandPelletizationofWoodyBiomass ................. 93
PakSuiLam,ZahraTooyserkani,LadanJafariNaimi
andShahabSokhansanj
6 Microwave-Based Pretreatment for Efficient Biomass-to-Biofuel
Conversion .................................................... 117
ArmandoT.Quitain,MitsuruSasakiandMotonobuGoto
PartIII ChemicalPretreatment
7 ConvertingLignocellulosicBiomasstoLow-CostFermentableSugars 133
MichaelZviely
ix
x Contents
8 ChemicalPretreatmentTechniquesforBiofuelsandBiorefineries
fromSoftwood................................................. 151
FangHuangandArthurJ.Ragauskas
PartIV PhysicochemicalPretreatment
9 Response Surface Optimization of Hot-Water Pretreatment for
EnzymaticHydrolysisofHybridPoplar:FirstStepofBioconversion
ofWoody-BiomasstoValue-AddedBioproducts ................... 183
JingDaiandArmandoG.McDonald
PartV Gasification,LiquefactionandBiogas
10 BiomassPretreatmentsforBiorefineryApplications:Gasification.... 197
ManiaAbdollahi-Neisiani,Jean-PhilippeLaviolette,RouzbehJafari
andJamalChaouki
11 BiomassPre-TreatmentsforBiorefineryApplications:Pyrolysis ..... 229
Jean-RemiLanteigne,Jean-PhilippeLavioletteandJamalChaouki
12 ImprovementsofBiomassGasificationProcessbyPlasma
Technologies................................................... 261
PhilipG.Rutberg,VadimA.Kuznetsov,VictorE.Popov,
AlexanderN.Bratsev,SergeyD.PopovandAlexanderV.Surov
13 BiogasPurifierforJapaneseRuralAreas ......................... 289
YoshiakiKimura,SeiichiYasui,TakahisaHinata,ToshiyukiImai
andHideyukiTakenaka
PartVI NovelPretreatmentTechniques
14 StatusandPerspectiveofOrganicSolventBasedPretreatment
ofLignocellulosicBiomassforEnzymaticSaccharification.......... 309
XiaofeiTian,ZhenFangandCharles(Chunbao)Xu
15 Solid-andNano-CatalystsPretreatmentandHydrolysisTechniques 339
GuoFengandZhenFang
PartVII PretreatmentofDifferentTypesofBiomass
16 Pretreatment of Sugarcane Bagasse and Leaves: Unlocking the
Treasuryof“GreenCurrency” .................................. 369
AnujK.Chandel,EllenC.Giese,FelipeA.F.Antunes,
IvydosSantosOliveiraandSilvioSilvériodaSilva
Contents xi
17 Pre-treatment of MalaysianAgricultural Wastes Toward Biofuel
Production .................................................... 393
SuzanaYusup,MurniMelatiAhmad,YoshimitsuUemura,
RazolMahariAli,AzlinSuhaidaAzmi,MasFatihaMohamad
andSeanLimLay
18 PretreatmentMethodsinBiodieselProductionProcesses ........... 417
AhmedTafeshandSobhiBasheer
19 OrganosolvPretreatmentofPineSawdustforBio-ethanol
Production .................................................... 435
Chunbao(Charles)Xu,LiaoBaoqiangandWeiShi
