Table Of ContentPresidents, Assemblies and Policy-making in Asia
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Presidents, Assemblies and
Policy-making in Asia
Edited by
Yuko Kasuya
Professor, Keio University, Japan
Editorial matter, selection, introduction and conclusion © Yuko Kasuya 2013
All remaining chapters © respective authors 2013
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-1-137-27726-8
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First published 2013 by
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Contents
Figures vi
Tables vii
Acknowledgements ix
Contributors x
1 Introduction 1
Yuko Kasuya
2 A Framework for Analysing Presidential–Legislative
Relations in Asia 10
Yuko Kasuya
3 Presidentialism in Korea: A Strong President and a Weak
Government 40
Yuki Asaba
4 Afghanistan’s Strong President and Weak Parties 59
Yuko Kasuya with John Kendall
5 Trading Compromises: Interaction of Powers in the
Philippine Presidential System 89
Takeshi Kawanaka
6 Presidential Strength and Party Leadership in Taiwan 107
Mitsutoyo Matsumoto
7 Strong President and Vulnerable Political System
in Sri Lanka 134
Hiroki Miwa
8 President Restrained: Effects of Parliamentary
Rule and Coalition Government on Indonesia’s
Presidentialism 156
Koichi Kawamura
9 Conclusion: Lessons from the Study of
Asian Presidentialism 194
Yuko Kasuya
Index 204
v
Figures
2.1 The strength of Asian presidents 31
3.1 Electoral cycles in different presidencies 49
4.1 Timeline of executive and legislative terms 76
5.1 Interaction between two policy areas 97
5.2 Two Tax Reforms and Tax Per GDP 100
6.1 Hierarchical and transactional relationships in
the two subtypes of semi-presidential systems 110
8.1 Indonesia’s political system before the
first constitutional amendment in 1999 159
8.2 Indonesia’s political system after the
fourth constitutional amendment in 2002 161
8.3 Number of established laws since independence 171
vi
Tables
2.1 Regime classification in Asia 15
2.2 Constitutional powers over legislation 20
2.3 Expected level of party discipline 27
2.4 Party system and coalition status 29
2.5 Partisan powers of Asian presidents as of 2008 30
3.1 Typology of partisan power 46
4.1 Timeline of the Constitution-making process 65
4.2 Classification of political parties in the 2005
Wolesi Jirga election 73
4.3 Composition of legislative groupings by ethnicity 74
4.4 Budget approval by Wolesi Jirga 78
4.5 Summary of legislative activities of
the first Wolesi Jirga 80
5.1 President and Congress under the
1987 Constitution 90
5.2 Institutional players and expected behaviour 92
5.3 Legislative power of the president 96
5.4 Enactment rates at the House of Representatives 98
5.5 Enactment rates of president’s bills in the House
of Representatives 99
5.6 Presidential proposals and final budgets 101
5.7 Pork barrel funds in 2002 and 2003 budgets 103
6.1 Presidents and premiers and their terms in office 112
6.2 Number and share of seats won by parties
in legislative elections 116
6.3 Partisan power of presidents 117
6.4 Number of bills approved in each session
in the Legislative Yuan 119
vii
viii Tables
6.5 Bill approval rate and average number of days
of discussion until approval of bill in fourth
Legislative Yuan 120
6.6 Bill approval rate and the average number of days for
discussion until approvals of the bills from the first
to the third session in the seventh Legistrative Yuan 122
7.1 Results of presidential elections (1982–2010) 138
7.2 Results of parliamentary general elections (1989–2010) 139
8.1 Relationship between the president and the parliament 166
8.2 Number of established laws 172
8.3 Number of established laws according to policy areas 175
8.4 Periods of deliberation 178
9.1 Summary of findings 201
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Suntory Foundation
for its financial support. Some parts of the manuscript have been pub-
lished in Japanese by the Minerva Publishing Co. We acknowledge the
generosity of Minerva for allowing us to use the English t ranslation of
those parts. We also thank Christina Brian of Palgrave Macmillan for her
editorial guidance throughout the publication process.
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