Presentation on Emerging Technologies - ARPA-e

16 Pages·2010·1.18 MB·English

Grid Interface for Wind
- Advanced Functions
ARPA-e
Green Electricity Network Integration Workshop
Dec 13, 2010
Ravi Raju
GE Global Research
Renewables Growth – Where we are
Global Wind & PV annual installations Last decade …. key drivers
Technology
• Reliability & Efficiency 
Cost
• 85% in last 25 years
Policy
• EU: 20% renewables by 2020
• US: PTC, … 33 states have RPSs
2
Renewables – Where we want to go
UK:
China:
20% Renewables by 2020
30 GW Wind by 2020
Germany:
India:
20% Renewables by 2015
12 GW Wind by 2012
Spain:
Japan:
20 GW Wind by 2011
3 GW Wind by 2010
EU:
20% Renewables by 2020
Targets in 73 countries
US: 33 states have Renewable Portfolio Standards
California: 33% Renewables by 2020.. DOE Study:
20% wind energy by 2030
3
Wind Integration Challenges Are Broad
Planning and Technology
Operation Process Issues
U1ni t YDiespaatrch
s) 700
r Capacity Valuation 600
a
e Resource and (UCAP, ICAP) 500
Y Capacity Planning and W400
( M300
Longer time scale wer (Reliability) GrLoowntgh- TFeorrmec Laosatidn g 120000
o 0
Sl 0 2000 4000 6000 8000
Hour
problems –

2001 Average1 L oDada vys Average Wind
grid dispatchability
30,000 1,600

e UniSDt cCahyoae-mAndmdhueliitanmdg ent DFaMyo-ruaehlcteia-aDsdtai nyag nd NYISO Load (MW)11220505,,,,000000000000 468111000,,,024000000000Wind Output (MW)
m 5,000 July load August load September load 200
a 0 July wind August wind September wind 0
r 1 6 11 16 21
F Hour
e
m
3000
Shorter time scale - Ti Hour-Ahead 2500 3 Hours
Forecasting
2000
Load Following and
dynamics and transients (5 Minute Dispatch) Plant Active Power MW1500
Maneuvering and 1000

Management
(power electronics ) 500

s) 01 61 121
d Minutes
n September Morning August Morning May Evening October Evening April Afternoon
o 10 Minutes
c Real-Time and
e Frequency and Autonomous Protection
s
( Tie-Line Regulation and Control Functions

r (AGC) (AGC, LVRT, PSS,
e
t Governor, V-Reg, etc.)
s
a
F
4
Challenges for Wind Integration
• Interconnection
• Performance through voltage sags
• Variable power – freq reg, ramp rates, Voltage
curtailment…
• Intermittency Power
Voltage Ride-Through
• Must be overcome with dispatchable
4.10 60.06
energy assets
3.90 60.04
• Unit commitment based on day-ahead 3.70 60.02
3.50
forecasts MW3.30 60.00Hz
59.98
3.10
• Regulation costs
2.90 59.96
2.70 59.94
0 50 100 150 200 250
• Lack of Inertia
seconds
Grid weakness - Effect on Frequency
• Penetration of wind displaces
conventional assets with inertia 60.00
59.50
• Non-collocation with load
59.00
• Long-distance T&D makes economics 58.50
Under-frequency load
shedding threshold
more challenging
58.00
0.0 Time( sec ) 30.0
55558888....0000 abcd ffffbbbbuuuullll 99990000 LLLLooooaaaadddd 222222220000....0000 1111 1111 66660000....0000
Inertia -Effect on Frequency
5
State-of-the-Art for Wind Integration
Active Anti-islanding, Zero-Power LVRT with controlled Inertia
Torsional, Voltage current injection

s
t others Control
n
d
e e
m c
n
re va Anti-islanding Coordinated Voltage Zero VRT – no trip Frequency
i d Control (e.g. Quebec,
u A Regulation
q (WindVAR, WFMS) Western Australia)

e

R

e

c Voltage control LVRT –no trip Curtailment

n
(old DVAR) (e.g. Taiban, E-ON)
a
O/U Voltage
m

c Overcurrent
r i
o as O/U Frequency PF control None None
f B
r
e
Volt/VAR Active Power
P LVRT
Protection
Control Control
Application Characteristics
Single WTGs Large Farms Multiple Farms
Low Penetration High Penetration
6
GE Wind – Grid Integration Features
Focus Areas:
Low Voltage Ride-Thru Active Power
Security 100
80
• Grid fault tolerance and recovery er 60 Freq. Droop
w
o 40
P
20
Voltage
Operability
0
47 48 49 50 51 52
• Voltage regulation
Frequency
• Active power controls
P
avail
r
Planning we P
Power out
o
P
• Assessment and planning tools Ramp Rate
Time
High
s
e Penetration
r Inertial
u
t WindFREE Response
a Blackstart/
e Active Power Voltage
F Island
Volt/VAR Controls Control Zero Voltage
d
ri Low Voltage control Ride Thru
G
Ride Thru
2003 2004 2005 2006
Grid-Friendly Features
7
Voltage Regulation
• Regulates Grid Voltage at
Measurements: 162MW wind plant
Point of Interconnection
Average Wind Speed
Voltage at POI
• Minimizes Grid Voltage
Fluctuations Under
Varying Wind Conditions
Wind Plant Voltage
Substation
Wind Turbine kW
Main POI
Generator
kVAR Transformer Wind Plant Power Output
45 mi.
34.5kV 230kV
Transformer
Converter
Control WFMS
Average Wind Speed
kVAR
kW
Voltage Regulation
Like A Conventional Power Plant
8
Voltage Ride - Through Capabilities
GE WindRIDE-THRU Offerings
• Remains on-line and feeds 140
t)
reactive power through n HVRT
e 120
ofc
system disturbances t er
nP 100
oi (
• Meets present and emerging Pn
at tio 80
grid requirement with c
ee LVRT
gn 60
an
Low/Zero Voltage Ride
to
olc
Vr 40
Through (LVRT/ZVRT) e
t
n
I 20
capability
ZVRT
• Meets transmission reliability 0
-1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
standards similar to thermal
200 ms Time (seconds)
generators
Voltage Level
Fault Recovery
• Voltage recovery better than
conventional generator
Medium voltage
bus drops to 0.0
Power recovers to pre-
disturbance level in <200ms
Synchronous generator
swings dramatically
3-Phase, 200ms, Zero Voltage Fault
from WINDTEST report WT5491/06
9
Active Power Controls
Typical Grid Requirements
Curtailment Example
1.200
• Ramp rates 1.000
• Power curtailment 0.800
• Power droop w/ frequency 0.600
0.400 Available Power
0.200 Actual Power
0.000
Power Ramp Rates Power Droop Test
P
2% Frequency Increase
avail
P W) Hz)
wer Ramp Rate out ower (k uency (
o P q
P e
r
F
50% Power Reduction
10