Table Of ContentPRESENTATION OF DATA IN SCIENCE
PRESENTATION
OF DATA IN SCIENCE
Publications, slides, posters, overhead projections,
tape-slides, television
Principles and practices for authors and teachers
by
LINDA REYNOLDS
and
DOIG SIMMONDS
1984 MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS ....
1111
a member of the KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP
DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LANCASTER .~
Distributors
for the United States and Canada: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 190 Old Derby
Street, Hingham, MA 02043, USA
for the UK and Ireland: Kluwer Academic Publishers, MTP Press Limited,
Falcon House, Queen Square, Lancaster LAI lRN, England
for all other countries: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Distribution Center,
P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Reynolds, linda.
Presentation of data in science.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Scientific illustration. 2. Communication in science. I. Simmonds, Doig. II. Title.
Q222.R48 507'.8 81-3976
ISBN-13: 978-90-247-3054-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-8354-0
001: 10.1007/978-94-009-8354-0
First edition 1981
Second printing 1982
Third printing 1983
Fourth printing 1984
Fifth printing 1989
Copyright
© 1984 by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht.
Cover photograph: Doig Simmonds
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of
the publishers,
Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, P.O. Box 163, 3300 AD Dordrecht,
The Netherlands.
Contents
list of illustrations XI
Foreword by James Calnan, FRCS, FRCP XV
Acknowledgements XVII
Introduction XIX
1. The legibility of type 1
1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. Investigating legibility
1.2.1. The reading process 1
1.2.2. Methods of research 3
1.3. Type forms 5
1.3.1. The basic anatomy of type 5
1.3.2. Typeface 5
1.3.3. Type weight 10
1.3.4. Italics 10
1.3.5. Capitals versus lower case 11
1.3.6. Numerals 11
1.4. Type size 12
1.5. Line length 12
1.6. Line spacing 13
1.7. Letter and word spacing 14
1.8. Justified versus unjustified setting 15
1.9. Margins 17
1.10. Single-versus double-column layouts 18
1.11. Paper and ink 18
2. The presentation of text 20
2.1. The visual representation of information 'structure' 20
2.2. Continuous text 21
2.2.1. Headings 21
2.2.2. Paragraphs 23
v
2.3. Bibliographies and references 24
2.4. Indexes 26
3. The presentation of tables 32
3.1. Structure 32
3.2. Layout and typography 35
3.2.1. General principles 35
3.2.2. Horizontal emphasis 36
3.2.3. Vertical emphasis 39
3.2.4. Headings 40
3.2.5. Lettering 40
4. The presentation of graphs, charts and diagrams 41
4.1. The relative merits of different kinds of illustration 41
4.2. The content of illustrations 43
4.3. General principles of presentation 44
4.3.1. Layout 44
4.3.2. Framing 44
4.3.3. Visual emphasis 45
4.4. The presentation of graphs and charts 49
4.4.1. Data points 49
4.4.2. Standard errors 49
4.4.3. Lines linking data points 49
4.4.4. Scale calibrations 51
4.4.5. Axes 52
4.4.6. Labelling of axes 52
4.4.7. Keys 58
4.4.8. Headings 61
5. Printed publications 62
5.1. Introduction 62
5.2. Graphic standards for graphs, charts and diagrams in printed journals 63
5.2.1. Instructions to authors 63
5.2.2. Reproduction ratios 65
5.2.3. Size of drafts and artwork 67
5.2.4. Formulae 67
A. Capital letter height 67
B. Line thickness 67
C. Space between ruled lines 68
D. Dot diameter 68
5.2.5. Character style 68
5.2.6. Character spacing 68
5.2.7. Space between lines of text 70
5.2.8. Tones and shading 70
5.2.9. Positive versus negative images 73
5.2.10. Contrast 73
5.2.11. Oversize artwork for publication 73
5.2.12. Compatibility with standards for slides 74
VI
5.3. Guide lines for camera-ready copy 75
5.3.1. Copy for journals or proceedings of meetings 75
5.3.2. Copy for reports 75
5.4. Original artwork versus copies 77
5.4.1. Reasons for copying artwork n
5.4.2. Copying methods 77
5.5. Overlays and cover sheets 78
5.6. Marks of identification 80
5.7. Sending artwork to the publisher or printer 80
6. Slides 83
6.1. Introduction 83
6.2. Planning a slide presentation 84
6.2.1. The use of 'introduction' and 'conclusion' slides 84
6.2.2. The body of the presentation 85
6.2.3. Constructing a story-board 85
6.2.4. Rehearsal 86
6.3. The content of slides 87
6.3.1. Word slides 87
6.3.2. Data slides 87
6.3.3. Headings for data slides 90
6.4. Graphic standards for slides 91
6.4.1. Originals 91
6.4.2. Slide formats 92
6.4.3. Size of drafts and artwork 94
6.4.4. Line thickness 94
6.4.5. Character height 95
6.4.6. Character style 95
6.4.7. Character spaCing 98
6.4.8. Layout for word slides 98
6.4.9. Tones and shading 98
6.4.10. Positive versus negative images 99
6.4.". Contrast 100
6.5. The use of colour 100
6.5.1. Black-and-white versus coloured artwork 100
6.5.2. The use of coloured images 100
6.5.3. The use of coloured backgrounds with black lettering 102
6.6. Testing slides 103
6.7. PrOjection of slides 103
6.8. The design of lecture theatres 104
7. Posters 110
7.1. Introduction 110
7.2. The content of posters 111
7.2.1. General principles 111
7.2.2. The structure of the poster 111
7.2.3. Headings 113
7.3. Useful equipmentfor poster production 113
VII
7.4. Graphic standards for posters 114
7.4.1. Posterforrnats 114
7.4.2. Size of drafts and artwork 114
7.4.3. Character height 116
7.4.4. Character style 117
7.4.5. Layoutfortext 118
7.4.6. Illustrations 118
7.4.7. Poster layout 118
7.4.8. The use of colour 119
7.5. Packing and transporting poster displays 120
8. Overhead projection transparencies 121
8.1. Introduction 121
8.2. Graphic standards for transparencies 122
8.2.1. Originals 122
8.2.2. Format and size 122
8.2.3. Line thickness 122
8.2.4. Character height 123
8.2.5. Layout 123
8.2.6. The use of colour 123
8.3. Techniques in the use of OHP transparencies 123
8.3.1. Overlays 123
8.3.2. Reveals 124
8.3.3. Masking 125
8.4. Testing OHP transparencies 127
9. Tape-slide programmes 128
9.1. Introduction 128
9.2. Planning a tape-slide programme 128
9.3. Writing the script 129
9.4. Graphic standards 131
9.5. The recording 131
10. Television 132
10.1 Introduction 132
10.2. Graphic standards for television 132
10.2.1. Format 132
10.2.2. Size of drafts and artwork 132
10.2.3. Line thickness 132
10.2.4. Character height 134
10.2.5. Tones and shading 134
10.2.6. Contrast 134
10.2.7. The use of colour 134
VIII
11. Materials, equipment and working comfort 136
11.1. Introduction 136
11.2. Basic essentials for black-and-white artwork 137
11.2.1. Paper 137
11.2.2. Pencils 141
11.2.3. Inks 142
11.2.4. Pens 142
11.2.5. Rulers and set squares 143
11.2.6. Templates and stencils 143
11.2.7. Erasers 144
11.2.S. Scalpels 144
11.2.9. Burnishers 144
11.2.10. Adhesives 152
11.2.11. Drafting tape 152
11.2.12. Drawing boards 153
11.3. Other useful items for black-and-white artwork 153
11.3.1. Self-adhesive tapes 153
11.3.2. Dry-transfer symbols and lettering 154
11.3.3. Tone sheets 155
11.3.4. 'Pounce' powder 156
11.3.5. Fixatives and varnishes 156
11.4. Additional materials for colour and OHP work 157
11.4.1. Self-adhesive colour sheets 157
11.4.2. Paints 157
11.4.3. Brushes 157
11.4.4. Cells and foils (acetate sheets) 158
11.5. Working comfort 158
11.5.1. Organisation 158
11.5.2. Furniture 158
11.5.3. Lighting 159
12. Basic techniques 160
12.1. Care and preparation of paper 160
12.2. Ink work 160
12.2.1. Use of technical drawing pens 160
12.2.2. Blotting 163
12.2.3. Drawing ink lines 163
12.2.4. Finishing-off ink lines 165
12.2.5. Use of templates and stencils 165
12.2.6. Short cuts 165
12.3. Correcting errors in ink work 167
12.3.1. General comments 167
12.3.2. Cut-and-stick corrections 168
12.3.3. Edge-crossing 168
12.3.4. Correcting with a knife 169
12.3.5. Correcting with paint 169
12.4. Use of dry-transfer materials 170
12.4.1. I,.ettering 170
12.4.2. Tones 172
IX
12.4.3. Making corrections 172
12.5. Use of self-adhesive tones and colours 172
12.5.1. Methods of application 172
12.5.2. Trapped air bubbles 174
12.5.3. 'Windows' 1n
12.6. Simple object drawing for line diagrams 178
12.6.1. General principles 178
12.6.2. Basic shapes 178
12.6.3. Lighting 178
12.6.4. Special effects 181
12.6.5. Making symmetrical shapes 183
12.6.6. Observation of objects 184
13. Working method 185
13.1. Planning the illustration 185
13.1.1. Choice of media 185
13.1.2. Summary of standards 186
13.2. Making the draft 187
13.2.1. Rough sketches 187
13.2.2. The use of graph paper for drafts 187
13.2.3. The use of typewriter grids 188
13.3. Using the draft 188
13.3.1. Fixing the draft to the artwork or drawing board 188
13.3.2. Transferring information from the draft to the final artwork 188
13.4. Making the final artwork 190
13.5. Making additions to the artwork 190
Glossary 193
literature 199
Subject index 203
x
List of illustrations
Introduction -Index Medicus XX
Chapter 1
1.1 recognition of words 2
1.2 the anatomy of type 5
1.3A,B,C letter size in relation to body size 6, 7
1.4A,B families of type 8
1.5 typefaces tested in image degradation experiments 9
1.6 legibility of numerals 12
1.7 alignment of type 16
1.8 paper quality and 'show-through' of type 19
Chapter 2
2.1 hierarchical headings in text 22
2.2 style in typewritten bibliographies 25
2.3 style in typeset bibliographies 27-28
2.4 alternative presentations for typewritten and typeset
bibliographies 29-30
2.5 three styles of index 31
Chapter 3
3.1A,B alternative presentations of data which satisfy different questions 32
3.2 vertical conversion table 33
3.3 horizontal conversion table 34
3.4 alternative arrangements of data in rows and coll,lmns 35
3.5 implicit table 36
3.6 table - balanced layout 37
3.7 table - ranged left 37
3.8 table - ungrouped data 38
3.9 table - grouped data 38
3.10 use of horizontal rules in tables 39
XI
