Table Of ContentPrehistoric 
Exchange Systems in 
North America
INTERDISCIPLINARY CONTRIBUTIONS TO ARCHAEOLOGY 
Series Editor:  MichaelJochim,  University of Califa mi a, Santa Barbara 
Founding Editor:  Roy S. Dickens,  Late of University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 
Current Volumes in This Series: 
THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEST AND MESOAMERICA 
Systems of Prehistoric Exchange 
Edited by Jonathon E. Ericson and Timothy G. Baugh 
THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF GENDER 
Separating the Spheres in Urban America 
Diana diZerega Wall 
EARLY HUNTER-GATHERERS OF THE CALIFORNIA COAST 
Jon M. Erlandson 
ETHNOHISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY 
Approaches to Postcontact Change in the Americas 
Edited by J. Daniel Rogers an Samuel M. Wilson 
FROM KOSTENSKI TO CLOVIS 
Upper Paleolithic-Paleo-Indian Adaptations 
Edited by Olga Soffer and N. D. Praslov 
HOUSES AND HOUSEHOLDS 
A Comparative Study 
Richard E. Blanton 
ORIGINS OF ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS 
Edited by Matthew H. Nitecki and Doris V. Nitecki 
POTTERY FUNCTION 
A Use-Alteration Perspective 
James M. Skibo 
PREHISTORIC EXCHANGE SYSTEMS IN NORTH AMERICA 
Edited by Timothy G. Baugh and Jonathon E. Ericson 
RESOURCES, POWER, AND INTERREGIONAL INTERACTION 
Edited by Edward M. Schortman and Patricia A. Urban 
SPACE, TIME, AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL LANDSCAPES 
Edited by Jacqueline Rossignol and LuAnn Wandsnider 
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery 
of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual 
shipment. For further information please contact the publisher.
Prehistoric 
Exchange Systems in 
North America 
Edited by 
TIMOTHY G. BAUGH 
Western Cultural Resource Management, Inc. 
Farmington, New Mexico 
and 
JONATHON E. ERICSON 
University of California, Irvine 
Irvine, California 
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 
On file 
ISBN 978-1-4419-3240-2  ISBN 978-1-4757-6231-0 (eBook) 
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-6231-0 
© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media New York 
Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1994 
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1994 
AII righ ts reserved 
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any 
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilm ing, recording, or 
otherwise, without written permission rrom the Publisher
TO OUR FAMILIES 
Glenda (Poe) Prince Ericson 
Hana Christine Ericson 
Lindsay Baugh 
Geoffrey Baugh
Contributors 
Timothy G. Baugh· Western Cultural Resource Management, Inc., Farmington, New 
Mexico 87401 
Bruce J. Bourque • Maine State Museum, Augusta, Maine 04333 
David Brose • The Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2C6 
Roy  L.  Carlson • Department of Archaeology,  Simon Fraser University,  Burnaby, 
British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6 
Timothy K. Earle • Institute of Archaeology and Department of Anthropology, Univer 
sity of California, Los Angeles, California 90024 
jonathan E. Ericson· Department of Environmental Analysis and Design and Depart 
ment of Anthropology, University of California, Irvine, California 92717 
jerry R. Galm • Department of Geography and Anthropology, Eastern Washington 
University, Cheney, Washington 99004 
jon L. Gibson • Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of South 
western Louisiana, Lafayette, Louisiana 70504-0198 
Richard E. Hughes • Geochemical Research Laboratory, Rancho Cordova, California 
95670 
Thomas L. jackson • BioSystems Analysis, Inc., Santa Cruz, California 95060 
jay K. johnson • Department of Anthropology, University of Mississippi, University, 
Mississippi 38677 
Robert H. Lafferty III· Mid-Continental Research Associates, Inc., Springdale, Arkan 
sas 72765 
R. Michael Stewart • Department of Anthropology, Temple University, Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania 19122 
Susan C. Vehik • Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, 
Oklahoma 73019 
J. V Wright • Archaeological Survey of Canada, Canadian Museum of Civilization, 
Hull, Quebec, Canada J8X 4H2 
vii
Preface 
Regional approaches to the study of prehistoric exchange have generated much new 
knowledge about intergroup and regional interactions. Prehistoric Exchange Systems 
in North America is the second of two volumes* that seek to proVide current informa 
tion regarding regional exchange on a continental basis. From a theoretical perspec 
tive these volumes provide important data for the comparative analysis of regional 
systems relative to sociopolitical organization from simple hunter-gatherers to those 
of complex SOCiopolitical entities like the state. Although individual regional ex 
change systems are unique for each region and time period, general patterns emerge 
with regard to sociopolitical organization. Of Significant interest to us are the dy 
namic processes of change, stability, rate of growth, and collapse of regional ex 
change systems relative to SOCiopolitical complexity. Those volumes provide basic 
data to further our understanding of prehistoric exchange systems. 
This volume presents our current state of knowledge about regional exchange 
systems in North America excluding the American Southwest and Mesoamerica. 
Each chapter synthesizes the research findings of a number of other researchers in 
order to provide a synchronic view of regional interaction for a specific chronologi 
cal period. A diachronic view is also provided for regional interaction in the context 
of the developments in regional SOCiopolitical organization. Most authors go beyond 
description by proposing alternative models within which to understand the region 
al systems. 
The volume is organized by geographical and chronological divisions to pro 
vide units of the broader mosaic of prehistoric exchange systems. This space-time 
arrangement was selected because it parallels the diSCiplinary organization of New 
World archaeology. Also, regional speCialists will be able to understand the inter 
digitation between adjoining regional systems. 
The volume is organized into four parts. The introductory chapter summarizes 
and integrates each chapter in the volume into its regional context. The second part 
includes seven chapters on prehistoric exchange systems of eastern North America 
'The first volume is The American Southwest and Mesoamerica: Systems of Prehistoric Change, eds. Jonathon 
E. Ericson and Timothy G. Baugh (New York: Plenum Press, 1993) 
ix
x  PREFACE 
from Paleoindian through Contact periods. The third part contains five chapters on 
prehistoric exchange  and trade  in  the  North American  West  from  Paleoindian 
through Contact periods. The fourth part offers an evaluation of the volume and 
develops an evolutionary model. The volume demonstrates that archaeologists are 
continuing to refine their concepts and to use economic models to better understand 
prehistoric exchange. Although regional syntheses are presented by the authors 
herein, it is evident that much research needs to be done in future decades. The 
identification of future research requirements and problems was one of the main 
objectives of undertaking the writing of both volumes. Hopefully, future research 
will focus on a more detailed analysis of the strategies of procurement, production, 
transportation, and consumption in the context of sociopolitical organization. Such 
research will allow us to better understand the general as well as specific patterns of 
regional exchange systems and their variations. 
The volume is addressed to archaeologists, economic anthropologists, and eco 
nomic geographers who are interested in non-Western economic systems develop 
ment. Although the volume is not written as a text, it can be used as an advanced 
text for courses in North American archaeology and economic anthropology. 
The concept for this book and its companion volume arose during the 1986 
meetings of the Society for American Archaeology held in Toronto, Canada. During 
those meetings a symposium was held on the topic of North American exchange 
systems and was designed to advance our current state of knowledge drawn from 
academic and contract research projects. The latter often provide a "gray" literature 
that is not published widely in the national or international literature. The initial 
volume was determined to be too long upon first submission to Plenum Press. It was 
decided to create a two-volume sequence, with the first volume focusing on the Amer 
ican Southwest and Mesoamerica, the second on the remainder of North America. 
Many of the contributors to these volumes did participate in the symposium. 
But because the symposium, as organized, had some serious prehistoric culture and 
geographical gaps, additional authors were asked to contribute to the volume to 
remedy this problem. 
Each paper was submitted to two or three outside peer reviewers and revised 
prior to its final acceptance for inclusion in the volumes. As a result, this volume is 
technically a peer-reviewed, edited volume with the option of rejection reserved by 
the editors. In addition, two discussants at the Toronto meetings, the late Cynthia 
Irwin-Williams and James B.  Griffin,  provided  useful comments and discussion 
concerning these papers. During the meeting held after the symposium, Dr. Griffin 
noted the monumental task being undertaken for publication and doubted that such 
an endeavor would be successful. After much hard work on the part of the authors 
and the editors, however, we are able to present the reader with the information 
presented in the following pages. Meanwhile, we have gained full appreciation of 
Dr. Griffin's skepticism in this final volume.
Acknowledgments 
The editors and authors gratefully acknowledge the comments of the following peer 
reviewers who made this volume possible. We hope that other editors will choose 
the option of external peer review in order to overcome one of the standing criti 
cisms of edited volumes by many academics. 
Robert E. Ackerman • Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, 
Pullman, Washington 99164-4910 
C.  Melvin Aikens • Department of Anthropology,  University of Oregon, Eugene, 
Oregon 97403 
Robert E. Bell • 1120 Berry Circle, Norman, Oklahoma 73019 
David S. Brose • Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2C6 
Jefferson Chapman • Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knox-
ville, Tennessee 37996-3200 
Jay F. Custer • Department of Anthropology, University of Delaware, Newark, Dela 
ware 19716 
Stephen Davis • St. Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada 
William W Fitzhugh • Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution, Wash 
ington, D.C. 20560 
David A.  Fredrickson • Anthropological Studies Center, Sonoma State University, 
Rohnert Park, California 94828 
Richard W Jefferies • Program for Cultural Resource Assessment, University of Ken 
tucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0100 
Susan Kaplan • Department of Anthropology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine 
04011 
Geoffrey Lehmann • Division of Historic Preservation, Box 571, Jackson, Mississippi 
39205 
R.  Lee Lyman • Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia, 
Missouri 65211 
R.  G.  Matson • Department of Anthropology and SOciology, University of British 
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B2 
xi
xii  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
Clement W Meighan • Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los 
Angeles, California 90024 
Jerald T. M. Milanich· Florida Museum of Natural History, Department of Anthropol 
ogy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 
Donald Mitchel • Department of Anthropology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Brit 
ish Columbia, Canada V8W 2Y2 
Michael]. Moratto· INFOTEC Research, Inc., Fresno, California 93711 
George Odell • Department of Anthropology, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma 
74104 
Bruce Smith • Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 
D.C. 39205 
Vincas  P.  Steponaitis • Research Laboratory of Anthropology,  University of North 
Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3120 
Bruce G. Trigger· Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal, Que 
bec, Canada H3A 2T7 
James A. Tuck· Department of Anthropology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 
St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1C 557 
John A. Walthall • Illinois Department of Transportation, Springfield, Illinois 62764 
Clarence Webb • 3904 Creswell Road, Shreveport, Louisiana 71106 
W Raymond Wood • Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia, 
Missouri 65211
Description:In this unique volume, archaeologists examine the changing economic structure of trade in North America over a period of 6,000 years. Organined by geographical and chronological divisions, each chapter focuses on trade in one of nine regions from the Arachiac through the late prehistoric period. Eac