Pregnancy Disorders and Perinatal Outcomes

161 Pages·3.163 MB·English

Pregnancy Disorders and Perinatal Outcomes
Edited By
Julie Lafond
Full Professor and Head, BioMed Research Centre
Department of Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à
Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC
Canada
Cathy Vaillancourt
Associate Professor, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier
Université du Québec, 531 blvd. des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7
Canada
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CONTENTS
Foreword i
Preface ii
List of Contributors iii
Introduction vii
CHAPTERS
1. Embryo Implantation Disorders 3
Mohan Singh, Parvesh Chaudhry and Eric Asselin
2. The Impact of Assisted Reproductive Technologies on Perinatal Outcomes 20
Patricia Monnier, Maria del Pilar Vélez and Thierry Forges
3. Human Placentation and Maternal Adaptation to Pregnancy: The Role of Trophoblast 35
Thierry Fournier, Vassilis Tsatsaris, André Malassiné and Danièle Evain-Brion
4. Biochemical Markers of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy 58
Yves Giguère, Marc Charland, Dominique Guérette, Joël Girouard, François Rousseau
and Jean-Claude Forest
5. Immune System and Perinatal Outcomes 74
Shigeru Saito
6. Gestational Diabetes Affects Placental-Fetal Development 88
Evemie Dubé, Cathy Vaillancourt, Julie Lafond and Louiza Belkacemi
7. Placental Disorders in Preeclampsia: Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes 97
Dave Lanoix, Sophie Haché, Evemie Dubé, Julie Lafond and Cathy Vaillancourt
8. Epigenetic Regulation of Pregnancy Outcome 129
Jeffrey M. Craig, Ji-Hoon Eric Joo, Boris Novakovic and Richard Saffery
Subject Index 149
i
FOREWORD
When Drs. Vaillancourt and Lafond asked me to write this foreword, I was honored to have the opportunity
to introduce this eBook.
Despite the improvements in perinatal and neonatal outcomes with the progress in diagnostic, health care
and service and treatment, the perinatal morbidity and mortality observed in conjunction with adverse
pregnancy outcomes particularly in the developing countries remain an important health problem. A recent
study of the American Health Institute suggests that half of all fetal deaths were caused by a complication
during pregnancy. Specifically, a placental dysfunction was the cause in 26% of all fetal deaths, infections
in the mother were the causes in 14-19% of cases, while in only 10% of cases, fetal malformations or
umbilical cord dysfunctions were the cause. This study suggests that any disturbance during pregnancy
including the state of the intrauterine environment during critical periods of organogenesis and fetal growth
can permanently modify fetal programming; altering the organ structure and work in an epigenetic way.
In tracking healthy pregnancies through research, immense progress was made in understanding the types
of disturbances and complications occur in pregnancy. This ongoing research helps to find innovative ways
of minimizing these disturbances and complications, dealing with them when they do occur, ultimately
leading to healthy pregnancies and healthier infants.
This eBook, while very comprehensive, remains simple in its approach. It aims at providing readers with an
update on the current research on pregnancy disorders that affect fetal development and could lead to
disability later in childhood and adulthood. The eBook is very well organized in eight chapters written by
experts working in the burgeoning area of integrative physiology that attempts to unite nature and nurture.
In conclusion, I am excited about this eBook, not only because of its superbly organized, illustrated and
presented content, but also because I anticipate that it will be useful to all those who have an interest in
unraveling the mysteries of life. I believe that better management of pregnancy in the present will have long
term wide-scale effects on the global health in our society.
Thierry Lacaze-Masmonteil, MD, PhD, FRCPC
Professor of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa
Regional Medical Lead-Newborn (Champlain Maternal Newborn Regional Program)
Neonatology, Division Head: CHEO-the Ottawa Hospital
Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario
401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1H 8L1
ii
PREFACE
Adverse pregnancy outcomes are on the rise world-wide, leading to increased perinatal morbidity and
mortality. Moreover, pregnancy disorders can lead to disruption in fetal programming. The fetal
programming hypothesis suggests that the intrauterine environment during critical periods of organogenesis
and tissue growth may permanently alter organ structure and function in an epigenetic manner.
Accompanied with this are immense economic and emotional costs. In the course of its research on healthy
pregnancy, scientists have made great progress in understanding features of disorders that may occur during
pregnancy. These ongoing investigations are important to find ways to treat and prevent these disorders to
support women in having healthy pregnancies and babies.
Since 1989, when David Barker showed an inverse relationship between birth weight and mortality due to
adult ischemic heart disease, the role of prenatal programming, and by consequence pregnancy disorder, as
a determinant of adult diseases has become increasingly clear. While epidemiological evidence for the role
of early developmental growth patterns leading to specific adult disease outcomes has continued to
strengthen, experimental evidence from animal models has brought new and compelling support for this
important determinant of health throughout lifetime.
This eBook aims at providing readers with the latest research on the current state of knowledge related to
pregnancy disorders that affect fetal development and possibly fetal programming. This eBook contains
eight reviews by experts who are working in this burgeoning area of integrative physiology is an attempts
to unite nature and nurture. We trust it to be useful to all of those who have an interest in unraveling the
mysteries of life. We believe that better management of pregnancy today will have long term and wide-
scale effects on the health of our society.
Cathy Vaillancourt
INRS-Institut Armand Frappier
Université du Québec
Canada
Julie Lafond
BioMed Research Centre
Department of Sciences Biologiques
Université du Québec à Montréal
Canada
iii
List of Contributors
Eric Asselin
Research Group in Molecular Oncology and Endocrinology
Canada research chair in molecular gyneco-oncology
Department of Chemistry-Biology
University of Quebec at Trois-Rivières
Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada

Louiza Belkacemi
Perinatal Research Laboratories
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
David Geffen School of Medicine
University of California Los Angeles
Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute
Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA

Marc Charland
Reproduction, Perinatal Health and Child Health Research Axis
CHUQ Research Center
Québec City, QC, Canada

Parvesh Chaudhry
Research Group in Molecular Oncology and Endocrinology
Department of Chemistry-Biology
University of Quebec at Trois-Rivières
Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada

Jeffrey M. Craig
Early Life Epigenetics
Murdoch Childrens Research Institute
Royal Children’s Hospital
Department of Paediatrics
University of Melbourne
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Maria del Pilar Vélez
Obstetrics and Gynecology Department
University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Evemie Dubé
BioMed Research Centre
Department of Sciences Biologiques
Université du Québec à Montréal
Montreal, QC, Canada

Danièle Evain-Brion
Unité Mixte de Recherches-Santé UMR-S 767
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris Descartes University
PremUP Foundation
Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences
Paris F-75006, France
iv
Jean-Claude Forest
Reproduction, Perinatal Health and Child Health Research Axis
CHUQ Research Center
Department of Molecular Biology
Medical Biochemistry and Pathology
Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval
Québec City, QC, Canada

Thierry Forges
Department of Reproductive Medicine
Maternité Universitaire, 10 rue Dr Heydenreich
54042 Nancy, France

Thierry Fournier
Unité Mixte de Recherches-Santé UMR-S 767
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) and Paris Descartes University
PremUP Foundation
Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences
Paris F-75006, France

Yves Giguère
Reproduction, Perinatal Health and Child Health Research Axis
CHUQ Research Center
Department of Molecular Biology
Medical Biochemistry and Pathology
Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval
Québec City, QC, Canada

Joël Girouard
Reproduction, Perinatal Health and Child Health Research Axis
CHUQ Research Center
Québec City, QC, Canada

Dominique Guérette
Reproduction, Perinatal Health and Child Health Research Axis
CHUQ Research Center
Québec City, QC, Canada

Sophie Haché
BioMed Research Centre
Department of Sciences Biologiques
Université du Québec à Montréal
Montreal, QC, Canada

Ji-Hoon Eric Joo
Early Life Epigenetics
Murdoch Childrens Research Institute
Royal Children’s Hospital
Department of Paediatrics
University of Melbourne
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Julie Lafond
BioMed Research Centre
v
Department of Sciences Biologiques
Université du Québec à Montréal
Montreal, QC, Canada

Dave Lanoix
INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier
Université du Québec
531 blvd. des Prairies, Laval, QC, Canada

André Malassiné
Unité Mixte de Recherches-Santé UMR-S 767
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) and Paris Descartes University
PremUP Foundation
Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences
Paris F-75006, France

Patricia Monnier
McGill Reproductive Centre
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility
McGill University, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Boris Novakovic
Cancer, Disease and Developmental Epigenetics
Murdoch Childrens Research Institute
Royal Children’s Hospital
Department of Paediatrics
University of Melbourne
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

François Rousseau
Reproduction, Perinatal Health and Child Health Research Axis
CHUQ Research Center
Department of Molecular Biology
Medical Biochemistry and Pathology
Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval
Québec City, QC, Canada

Richard Saffery
Cancer, Disease and Developmental Epigenetics
Murdoch Childrens Research Institute
Royal Children’s Hospital
Department of Paediatrics
University of Melbourne
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Shigeru Saito
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University
2630 Sugitani Toyama-shi, Toyama, Japan

Mohan Sran
Research Group in Molecular Oncology and Endocrinology
Department of Chemistry-Biology
vi
University of Quebec at Trois-Rivières
Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada

Vassilis Tsatsaris
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Cochin and Maternité Port-Royal
Paris F-75014, France

Cathy Vaillancourt
INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier
Université du Québec
531 blvd. des Prairies, Laval, QC, Canada