Table Of ContentSpringer Aerospace Technology
Min Zhao
Prediction and
Validation
Technologies of
Aerodynamic
Force and Heat for
Hypersonic Vehicle
Design
Springer Aerospace Technology
SeriesEditors
SergioDeRosa,DII,UniversityofNaplesFedericoII,NAPOLI,Italy
YaoZheng,SchoolofAeronauticsandAstronautics,ZhejiangUniversity,
Hangzhou,Zhejiang,China
The series explores the technology and the science related to the aircraft and
spacecraft including concept, design, assembly, control and maintenance. The
topicscoveraircraft,missiles,spacevehicles,aircraftenginesandpropulsionunits.
The volumes of the series present the fundamentals, the applications and the
advancesinallthefieldsrelatedtoaerospaceengineering,including:
(cid:129)
structuralanalysis,
(cid:129)
aerodynamics,
(cid:129)
aeroelasticity,
(cid:129)
aeroacoustics,
(cid:129)
flightmechanicsanddynamics
(cid:129)
orbitalmaneuvers,
(cid:129)
avionics,
(cid:129)
systemsdesign,
(cid:129)
materialstechnology,
(cid:129)
launchtechnology,
(cid:129)
payloadandsatellitetechnology,
(cid:129)
spaceindustry,medicineandbiology.
Theseries’scopeincludesmonographs,professionalbooks,advancedtextbooks,as
wellasselectedcontributionsfromspecializedconferencesandworkshops.
Thevolumesoftheseriesaresingle-blindpeer-reviewed.
Tosubmitaproposalorrequestfurtherinformation,pleasecontact:
[email protected](EuropeandAmericas)
[email protected](China)
TheseriesisindexedinScopusandCompendex
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/8613
Min Zhao
Prediction and Validation
Technologies
of Aerodynamic Force
and Heat for Hypersonic
Vehicle Design
MinZhao
ChinaAcademyofLaunchVehicleTechnology
Beijing,China
ISSN1869-1730 ISSN1869-1749 (electronic)
SpringerAerospaceTechnology
ISBN978-981-33-6525-4 ISBN978-981-33-6526-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6526-1
JointlypublishedwithNationalDefenseIndustryPress
TheprinteditionisnotforsaleinChina(Mainland).CustomersfromChina(Mainland)pleaseorderthe
printbookfrom:NationalDefenseIndustryPress.
ISBNoftheCo-Publisher’sedition:978-7-118-11739-4
©NationalDefenseIndustryPress2021
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublishers,whetherthewholeorpartofthe
materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsofreprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,
reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformationstorageand
retrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknown
orhereafterdeveloped.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication
doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant
protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
Thepublishers,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook
arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishersnortheauthorsor
theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany
errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublishersremainneutralwithregardtojurisdictional
claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations.
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
Foreword
Aerospaceisahigh-techindustryandfieldthatdemonstratesnationalstrengthand
carriesnationalwillpower.Allmajoraerospacecountriesareactivelyexploringand
developing new types of spacecraft as spacecraft is an important symbol of the
development of aerospace, and the research and development of new types of
spacecraft are aimed to solve many new scientific and technological problems.
Spacecrafts in supersonic speed and hypersonic speed are currently the focus of
attention and research of the major space powers around the world. An important
issueforthistypeofspacecraftistheheatbarrierornewheatbarrier.
The problems of heat barrier are actually issue on aerodynamic heat, which is
one of the important issues in aircraft research and design. Researchers and
designers seek analysis, experimentation, and prediction on aerodynamic heat
based on the recognition of aerodynamic heat mechanism, which requires new
theoretical predictions, experimental simulations, and research flight tests
developed so that the three can complement each other and perfect each other.
There is a very complicated aerodynamic force and heat problem compared with
hypersonic aircraft. The understanding of force and heat environment, force and
heat response, experimental simulation, etc. is not clear, and the solution needs to
beexploredandinnovated.
Theauthorofthisbookhasconductedyearsofresearchandproposedthetheory
of hypersonic aircraft aerodynamic environment, numerical simulation prediction
andexperimentalverificationtechnology,whichiscommendable.Thisbookisnot
a general all-encompassing aerodynamic textbook, which carries out a
comprehensiveanalysisontheaerodynamicheatenvironmentofhypersonicflight,
andputsforwardsomenewpredictionsandexperimentaltheoriesandtechnologies
on this basis. It systematically summarizes and analyzes in this book the
development of aerodynamic force and heat technology for hypersonic vehicles,
the consistency between ground and flying, the overflow and drag reduction, the
methodofforceandheatprediction,transitionandturbulence,andadvancedwind
tunneltests.
Itanalyzesinthisbooktherelatedresearchontheaerodynamicheattechnology
andtheconsistencyoftheflyingandthegroundforthehypersonicaircraftandsorts
outthedevelopmentcontext.Itdescribesthepredictionmethodbasedonfunctionals
v
vi Foreword
in the aspect of prediction technology. It is hoped that functional algorithms can
beadoptedtoanalyzedatarecognitionlaws,replacethehumanbraintorecognize
massivedatainthefuture,andintroduceadvancesinthefieldofmathematicsinto
engineeringapplicationsintime.Thisisalsoapathforthedevelopmentofadvanced
aerodynamicsresearchtoartificialintelligence,whichisforward-looking.
Test technology has long been in the position of scheme verification and
performancetestinengineeringdesign.Theengineeringdesignhasadecisivesay
and it has gradually fallen behind, although the status is very high. We need to
understand the flow from knowing what it is to knowing why it is with the
increasingpursuitoffinenessandaccuracyinengineeringdesign.Wedarenotdig
the margin to the end, dare not use the method of leapfrog innovation if only
knowing the total performance, without knowing the flow details and the physical
mechanism behind these performances. It describes in the book the advanced
non-contact measurement technology of the wind tunnel in terms of experimental
verification technology, which measures the aerodynamic force and heat
distribution without destroying the flow itself, captures rich flow details, and
provides a reliable basis for analyzing the flow mechanism and evaluating the
simulation model, which provides a method for the test to move from knowing
whatitistoknowingwhyitis.
Science, technology, and engineering are mutually reinforcing and promoting
relationships.Therewillbenodirectionforscientificresearchwithoutengineering
practice.Therewillbenobreakthroughsinkeytechnologiesandthedrivingforce
for engineering development without scientific research. These prediction, and
experimenttechniquesinthebookhavebeenborninthefieldofscienceandhave
gradually formed the prototype of engineering technology in the laboratory, but
theyhavetopassthroughthearduouspromotionprocessbeforetheycanbeapplied
in engineering design. It is gratifying that the editor selected these new
technologies with important engineering application prospects based on their
long-term experience and technology accumulated in engineering practice, and
committed to pushing them to engineering applications, so as to make beneficial
explorationforintegratingscientificresearchresultsintoengineeringpractice.
Ajourneyofonethousandmilesbeginswithonestep.Thisbookmayilluminate
ashortwayforthedevelopmentofnewsuperbaircraftengineeringtechnology.Itis
believedthatthisbookisanimportantreferencebookforscientificandtechnological
workers engaged in superb aircraft research and graduate students engaged in this
field.
Beijing,China DuShanyi
January2018
Preface
Ihavealwaysbeenuneasywhenlaunchingthisbook.Aerodynamicforceandheat
environmentisanendlesstopic.Newpredictionandvalidationmethodsincludeall
thefrontiersoftechnology.Itisinevitabletobragifsayingsuchabigtopichasbeen
grasped.However,Ihavealwaysbeenholdingadesiretoexpressmyaccumulated
experience and feelings over the years, and invite experts and scholars to discuss
on the understanding of aerodynamic force and heat environment and engineering
technology,aswellasputforwardourideasonthefuturetechnologicaldevelopment.
The aerodynamic force and heat environment, which is a problem that must be
solvedinthefirststepofaircraftdesign,anditisalsotheperformancethatmustbe
evaluatedatthefirstmomentoftheaircraftflyingintothespace.Suchanimportant
fieldisfacinganawkwardsituation.Aerodynamicforceandheatthatisthefrontier
of scientific research. Many scholars have devoted their entire lives to theoretical
research.Therearemanytalentshavingputforwardtheoreticalmodels,established
simulation methods, and improved experimental techniques in universities and
laboratories. The vast literature is proposing new ideas every day. However, the
reality we are encountering is that the engineering aerodynamic heat design and
validation technology is far behind the frontier development of science. The
aerodynamic heat environment prediction and validation technology are actually
slow in development due to the persistence of the industry and the difficulty of
transforming scientific ideas to engineering technology. It should be said that the
transfer from scientific ideas to engineering technology is the bottleneck of the
development of many industries, and the research on aerodynamic force and heat
environmentisnoexception.
Itdoesnotsystematicallydescribeinthisbookabouttheaerodynamicforceand
heat,sincetherearealreadymanyexcellenttextbooksinthisfield.Instead,itfocuses
onandanalyzestheapplicationofnewpredictionandvalidationtechnologiesinthe
aerodynamicheatenvironmentengineeringdesignandintroducesseveraltechnical
developmentdirectionswhicharematureintheoryandhavepotentialdrivingforce
inengineeringapplication.Itishopedthatreadersarepeoplewithhighaspirations
anddeterminationtochangetraditionaltechniques.Theyareinterestedinfurtherin-
depthstudyafterreadingthisbookandwillnurturenewtechnologiesandnewideas
with application prospects in the design process of injection again in engineering
vii
viii Preface
applications, who have the ability to transfer scientific theory into technological
innovation.
It first analyzes the technological development context and discusses the
development prospects in this book. The connotation and engineering background
ofmorenewtechnologiesareintroduced,andtheadvantagesanddisadvantagesof
the new technologies are explained from the perspective of application. Relevant
content includes Chap. 1 Development of Hypersonic Aerothermodynamic
Technologies, Chap. 2 An Overview of Ground-Flying Calibration Technologies
for Hypersonic Vehicle, Chap. 3 Flow over Blunt Body and Drag Reduction
Control.
A new prediction technology based on intelligent algorithms and numerical
simulation is proposed in terms of new prediction technology. It represents the
development direction of the future prediction technology although the current
prediction technology does not have good universality and reliability. Related
content includes Chap. 4 A Functional Based Prediction Method for Hypersonic
Aerodynamic Force and Heat, Chap. 5 Numerical Method for Flow Transition
Prediction.
Itislikelytobecomeanimportantnewvalidationmethodinengineeringdesign
although the new test technology proposed in the book has not yet been
popularized in engineering applications. The related contents include Chap. 6
Embedded Aerosphere Sensing System, Chap. 7 Advanced Wind Tunnel
MeasurementTechnology.
Thesecontentsarefarfromcoveringthebreadthofaerodynamicforceandheat
environment research. They are just a far-reaching beckon to the future
development with limited contents, and a small step is taken to shorten the gap
betweentechnologicalinnovationandscientificfrontierswithlimitedcognition.
Thefuturehasbeencomingbutitisnotyetpopular.Ihope,actualgreattechnicians
canrealizeourcommondreaminthisgreatera.
Editor
Beijing,China MinZhao
December2017
Informative Abstract
This book is aimed at analysis on the development context of new prediction and
validationtechnologiesinthefieldofaerodynamicheatresearchandpromotionof
theapplicationofnewtechnologies.
Thedevelopmentofaerodynamicforceandheattechnologyandtheresearchof
ground-flyingconsistencyofhypersonicaircraftwereanalyzed,aswellasthenew
progressions in the field of bluff body overflow control and drag reduction
technology.Apredictionmethodbasedonfunctionalswasproposed,invariantlaws
in multi-dimensional data is sought using intelligent algorithms and in-depth
discussion was carried out on a difficult and important direction, turbulence
transitionnumericalprediction.Theembeddedatmosphericdatasensingsystemis
introduced in the test verification technology, through which it is expected to
provide important measurement technology for flight tests, and it described the
phosphorthermographytechnologyformeasuringsurfaceheatdistributionandthe
particle image velocimetry technology for measuring the whole field rate
distribution are adopted in the technology of non-contact measurement of wind
tunnel.
Thisbookisareferencemainlyforprofessionalsinterestedinaerodynamicforce
and heat, aircraft design, experimental testing, fluid mechanics and the fields of
aerodynamicforceandheat.
ix
