Table Of ContentPrediction and Control of Interaction Between
Ground Building and Tunnel Construction Process
· ·
Dan Meng Changfeng Yuan Guangming Yu
Prediction and Control
of Interaction Between
Ground Building and Tunnel
Construction Process
Dan Meng Changfeng Yuan
School of Architectural Engineering School of Civil Engineering
Qingdao Agricultural University Qingdao University of Technology
Qingdao, Shandong, China Qingdao, Shandong, China
Guangming Yu
School of Civil Engineering
Qingdao University of Technology
Qingdao, Shandong, China
ISBN 978-981-19-3473-5 ISBN 978-981-19-3474-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3474-2
Jointly published with China Architecture & Building Press
The print edition is not for sale in China (Mainland). Customers from China (Mainland) please order the
print book from: China Architecture & Building Press.
© China Architecture Publishing & Media Co., Ltd. 2022
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or
information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publishers, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publishers nor the authors or
the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publishers remain neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
Preface
With the accelerated pace of urbanization in China, the center of people’s life is grad-
ually moving closer to the city. At the same time, the state has vigorously promoted
higher education and more and more cities have issued preferential policies to attract
the inflow of talents. As a result, the urban population shows explosive growth. The
increase of urban population is bound to bring a series of problems, such as the reduc-
tion of living space, shortage of water resources, traffic congestion, environmental
deterioration, and so on. In order to facilitate citizens to travel and alleviate urban
traffic pressure, major cities are speeding up the establishment of a three-dimensional,
multi-level and intelligent transportation system. The complicated urban interchange
alleviates the urban traffic pressure to a great extent. In this process, people gradually
realize that the underground space has great potential for development. As the main
body of underground space transportation, urban tunnel has been welcomed by major
cities in recent ten years. The successful operation of urban tunnel has relieved the
traffic pressure on the urban ground, and its fast and convenient characteristics make
the tunnel construction enter the stage of rapid development in recent years. With
the rapid development of underground engineering, there are also some problems.
Firstly, although the construction of underground engineering provides us with
more possibilities to make use of underground space and provides a new method for
the improvement of urban traffic, it not only alleviates the bottleneck of the current
urban planning and development, and obtains greater economic and social benefits,
but also has some adverse effects on our urban living environment. For example, in
the process of subway construction, it will cause groundwater redistribution, ground
stress concentration, and stratum additional stress, which is reflected in the damage
of underground and surface environment, such as the deformation and cracking of
road surface, the deformation and destruction of surface buildings, the destruction
of underground pipelines and other urban facilities, and the change of underground
water system. These damages and environmental damage will become the bottleneck
of environmental protection in the process of subway construction.
v
vi Preface
Secondly, with the construction and operation of more and more tunnels, the
planned construction projects are inevitably adjacent to or intersected with the tunnel.
In order to maximize the use of urban aboveground space, the state vigorously
promotes the construction of high-rise buildings. When the foundation pit is exca-
vated, the original stress field and displacement field will be changed due to exca-
vation and unloading. It will affect the safety of the tunnel structure. The influence
of foundation pit excavation in the adjacent tunnel on the tunnel has increasingly
become one of the scientific research topics that the client, design, construction,
tunnel operation, and maintenance departments and scientific research institutions
urgently need to solve. At the same time, with the continuation of building construc-
tion, the construction loading of the new high-rise main structure and the use stage
of the main structure after capping may have an impact on the adjacent existing
tunnel, which cannot be ignored. Although relevant scholars have done a lot of
research and achieved considerable research results, there are relatively few related
studies on the typical soil-rock binary structure geological conditions of “upper
soft and lower hard.” Therefore, some areas have issued corresponding manage-
ment measures, such as stipulating the establishment of safety reserves within a few
meters on both sides of the tunnel, and no new construction, expansion, reconstruc-
tion, and so on. However, based on these methods, there are often two phenomena:
Firstly, engineering designers exaggerate the impact of foundation pit excavation on
the existing tunnel, which is conservative in design, resulting in high project cost;
secondly, in the process of foundation pit engineering design, design and construc-
tion are carried out according to the traditional method, without considering the
impact of foundation pit excavation on the adjacent tunnel, which often results in
excessive deformation of the tunnel and affects the normal operation of the tunnel.
Therefore, in order to solve the above problems reasonably, only by exploring the
building damage assessment scheme and protective measures under the influence of
tunnel construction which is suitable for specific engineering geological conditions,
and considering the key technologies such as the construction impact assessment
method and scheme improvement of the building foundation pit and main structure
of the existing tunnel, we can provide the solution that the system can be used for
reference, which can make more reasonable use of underground space.
In order to solve the above problems pertinently, the authors and members of the
research group collate and summarize the research results through the accumulation
of long-term theoretical research and engineering practice, providing reference for
the construction of similar projects. The content of this book is mainly about the
theoretical research and engineering case analysis of the influence and control of
tunnel construction on existing buildings, as well as the research and engineering
practice of the influence and control of construction on existing tunnels.
In view of the engineering practice of subway tunnel passing through buildings
under typical geological conditions in Qingdao, the methods and means of on-site
monitoring, numerical simulation, and theoretical analysis are adopted. In this book,
the law of stratum deformation caused by subway tunnel excavation and the damage
Preface vii
mechanism and law of subway tunnel crossing buildings under typical geological
conditions are studied, and the safety risk management of subway tunnel crossing
buildings is discussed. Aiming at the problems of excavation and unloading of foun-
dation pit and construction loading of main structure in the construction of high-rise
building, the safety evaluation method of adjacent tunnel is explored. Combined with
engineering practice, the construction scheme is optimized, the safety of existing
tunnel is systematically evaluated, and the control measures are given. It is expected
to provide reference for underground engineering construction and high-rise building
construction in Qingdao and similar geological conditions.
Qingdao, China Dan Meng
Changfeng Yuan
Guangming Yu
Contents
1 Summarize .................................................... 1
References ..................................................... 6
2 Basic Theory ................................................... 7
2.1 General Law of Surface Movement Caused by Tunnel
Construction ............................................... 7
2.2 Analysis of the Influence of Surface Movement
and Deformation on Ground Buildings ........................ 10
2.2.1 The Impact of Ground Subsidence on Buildings .......... 11
2.2.2 The Impact of Ground Tilt on Buildings ................. 11
2.2.3 The Effect of Surface Curvature on Buildings ............ 12
2.2.4 The Impact of Ground Surface Deformation
on Buildings ........................................ 13
2.3 Allowable Deformation of the Building ........................ 14
2.4 Yield Proximity ............................................ 18
2.5 Concrete Failure Criteria .................................... 19
2.6 Calculation of Additional Stress in Foundation .................. 20
2.6.1 Mindlin Solve for Additional Stress of Foundation ........ 21
2.6.2 Calculating Additional Stress of Foundation
by Corner Point Method .............................. 22
2.7 Theoretical Calculation of Additional Stress and Displacement
of Tunnel .................................................. 23
2.7.1 Theoretical Calculation of Additional Stress
and Displacement of Tunnel ........................... 23
2.7.2 Theoretical Calculation of Tunnel Displacement .......... 24
2.8 Conclusion ................................................ 25
References ..................................................... 25
3 Analysis of Ground Settlement Caused by Subway Tunnel
Excavation ..................................................... 27
3.1 Calculation Method of Stratum Subsidence ..................... 27
3.2 Basic Parameter Inversion ................................... 31
ix
x Contents
3.2.1 Calculation of Settlement Trough Width
and Formation Loss Rate .............................. 32
3.2.2 Determining Basic Parameters of Surface Movement
by Back Analysis Method ............................. 35
3.3 Comparative Analysis and Discussion of Peck Method
and Random Medium Theory Method ......................... 40
3.4 Comparative Analysis Example ............................... 42
3.5 Conclusion ................................................ 42
References ..................................................... 45
4 Analysis of Deformation and Stress of Buildings Under Tunnel ..... 47
4.1 Project Overview ........................................... 47
4.2 Stratum Subsidence Law .................................... 49
4.2.1 Peck Method Inverse Analysis of Ground Movement
Parameters .......................................... 49
4.2.2 Random Medium Theory Back Analysis of Ground
Movement Parameters ................................ 50
4.3 Analysis of Vertical Displacement of Frame-Shear Wall
Structure .................................................. 50
4.3.1 Finite Element Model ................................. 50
4.3.2 Settlement Conditions Imposed by the Model ............ 50
4.3.3 Displacement and Stress Analysis of Structures Under
Different Working Conditions .......................... 52
4.4 Conclusion ................................................ 57
References ..................................................... 63
5 Quantitative Prediction Method of Building Damage .............. 65
5.1 Project Overview and Settlement Prediction .................... 65
5.1.1 Project Overview .................................... 65
5.1.2 Settlement Prediction ................................. 67
5.2 Building Structure Damage Prediction Method ................. 70
5.2.1 Yield Proximity Function ............................. 70
5.2.2 Analysis of Damage Results of Concrete Building
Structures ........................................... 73
5.3 The Impact of Blasting Vibration on Concrete Structure
Damage Prediction and Control Standards ..................... 74
5.3.1 Settlement Control Standard ........................... 74
5.3.2 Blasting Vibration Monitoring Results and Analysis ....... 78
5.3.3 Damage Prediction Caused by Building Blasting
Vibration ........................................... 81
5.3.4 Damage Prediction Due to the Dual Effects of Surface
Settlement and Blasting Vibration ...................... 81
5.4 Conclusion ................................................ 85
References ..................................................... 86
Contents xi
6 Risk Management of Crossing Buildings in Tunnel Construction .... 87
6.1 Risk Management Objectives ................................ 87
6.1.1 Environmental Safety Management Classification
of Rail Transit Engineering Construction ................ 87
6.1.2 Fundamental Mechanical Problems and Safety Risk
Management Objectives of Tunnel Engineering .......... 88
6.2 Risk Management System ................................... 88
6.2.1 Pre-construction Investigation and Assessment
of the Current Situation of the Building and Risk
Classification ........................................ 89
6.2.2 Establishment of Safety Control Standards
for Buildings ........................................ 90
6.3 Application of Urban Tunnel Crossing Building Risk
Management Engineering .................................... 92
6.3.1 Investigation, Inspection and Appraisal of Buildings
Along the Tunnel .................................... 92
6.3.2 Relative Position Relationship Between Subway
Tunnel and Building .................................. 94
6.3.3 Building Risk Classification ........................... 98
6.3.4 Building Settlement Control Standard ................... 104
6.3.5 Building Blasting Vibration Control Standard ............ 107
6.4 Conclusion ................................................ 111
References ..................................................... 113
7 Law of Ground Movement in Foundation Pit Construction
of Adjacent Tunnel Buildings .................................... 115
7.1 Statistical Analysis of the Influence of Foundation Pit
Excavation on Adjacent Tunnels .............................. 115
7.2 Strata Movement Law Under Typical Geological Conditions
in Qingdao ................................................ 138
7.3 Conclusion ................................................ 139
8 Key Technologies for Foundation Pit Construction of Adjacent
Tunnel Buildings ............................................... 141
8.1 Main Research Steps and Content ............................. 141
8.2 Construction Technology and Technology of Foundation Pit
of Adjacent Built Shallow Buried Tunnel ...................... 143
8.2.1 Simulation and Analysis of the Influence Process
of Foundation Pit Excavation on Tunnel ................. 143
8.2.2 Temporal and Spatial Effect of Foundation Pit
Excavation and Influence of Construction Technology ..... 151
8.2.3 New Method of Progressive Step Excavation ............. 166
8.3 Evaluation of the Impact of Foundation Pit Construction
on the Safety of Adjacent Tunnels ............................ 171
