Table Of ContentPRECISION PROCESS TECHNOLOGY
Precision Process
Technology
Perspectives for Pollution Prevention
edited by
M.P. C. WEIJNEN
lnterduct,
Delft University Clean Technology Institute,
Delft, The Netherlands
and
A.A.H.DRINKENBURG
DSM Research,
Geleen, The Netherlands
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Prec1s1on process technology : perspect1ves for pollut1on prevent1on 1
ed1ted by M.P.C. Heljnen and A.A.H. Dr1nkenburg.
p. CII.
Inc 1u des 1n dex.
ISBN 978-94-010-4772-2 ISBN 978-94-011-1759-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-1759-3
1. Factory and trade waste--Pur1f1cat1on--Congresses. 2. Process
control--Congresses. I. Heljnen, M. P. C. II. Dr1nkenburg, A. A.
H.
TD897.5.P74 1993
828.5' 1--dc20 92-46139
ISBN 978-94-010-4772-2
Printed on acid-free paper
AII Rights Reserved
© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1993
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
CONTENTS
PREFACE xi
CHAPTER l. INTRODUCTION
1. General introduction l
2. Introduction to the proceedings 2
CHAPTER2. SUMMARY OF THE CONFERENCE
Precision process technology - promising options and research
strategies, J. Villermaux 1l
CHAPTER 3. NEW FEEDSTOCKS FOR THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
1. Feedstock utilization for petrochemicals: Precision or luck?,
J.J.H.M. Vincken 31
2. Methane coupling -perspective for zero-loss olefin
manufacturing, J.M.L. Penninger 49
3. Pyrolysis of mixed plastics, W. Kaminsky 65
4. Natural precision in carbohydrates, H. van Bekkum 75
CHAPTER4. ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
1. Exergy analysis. Adding insight and precision to experience
and intuition, J. de Swaan Arons and H.J. van der Kooi 89
2. Heat pumps in the Dutch process industry, J.B. de Wit 115
CHAPTERS. INDUSTRIAL CATALYSIS
1. The role of catalysis in waste minimization, R.A. Sheldon 125
2. Design of catalyst morphology tailored to process needs, S.T. Sie 139
3. Zeolites in fme chemical synthesis - contribution to
environmental protection, G. Perot and M. Guisnet 157
4. DuPont butane oxidation process, J.J. Lerou and P.L. Mills 175
5. The analysis of non-isothermal data on the oxidation of carbon
monoxide in a monolithic reactor, J.A.F. Kunst, A. Cybulski,
Xu Xiaoding, P.J.T. Verheijen and J.A. Moulijn 197
vi
6. The bead string reactor: a compact, dust-proof, low pressure drop
reactor with ordered catalyst material for heterogeneous catalysis,
H.P. Calis, E.T. de Leeuw, A.W. Gerritsen and C.M. van den Bleek 207
7. The partial hydrogenation of benzene and toluene to (methyl-)-
cyclohexenes over modified Ruthenium catalysts, M. Soede,
E.J.A.X. van de Sandt, J. Struijk, M. Makkee and J.J.F. Scholten 219
CHAPTER6. ADSORPTION FROM THE LIQUID PHASE
1. Some developments in adsorption from the liquid phase,
P.J.A.M. Kerkhof 225
2. Single and multicomponent adsorption from liquid phase on
activated carbon in a finite bath process, M.S. Kouyoumdjiev,
M.A.G. Vorstman and P.J.A.M. Kerkhof 257
3. Application of regenerable adsorbents in edible oil refining,
A.J. Kuin and A. Nock 267
4. Preparation of a protein-repelling, yet hydrophobic membrane by
treatment with non-ionic block copolymers, C.G.P.H. Schroen,
M.A. Cohen Stuart, A. van der Padt and K. van 't Riet 275
5. Sorption and desorption of hydrogen in metal hydride slurries,
J.T. Tinge 287
6. Hydrodynamics of centrifugal partition chromatography, R. Meester,
M.J. van Buel, L.A.M. van der Wielen, R. Verpoorte and
K.Ch.A.M. Luyben 295
7. The removal of cyanide with silver impregnated activated carbon,
I. de Jong and H. T. Lieuw 305
8. Compact separation equipment using sorption by fibers,
G. van Zee, J. de Graauw and J.A. Wesselingh 315
CHAPTER 7. HYBRID SYSTEMS
1. Adsorptive separations and adsorptive reactors, A.E. Rodrigues 327
2. Concentration Swing Adsorption: novel processes for bulk liquid
separations, M.B. Rao and S. Sircar 345
3. Adsorptive and chromatographic bioreactors, L.A.M. van der
Wielen, A.J.J. Straathof and K.Ch.A.M. Luyben 353
4. Economic and technical aspects of hybrid processes in the
petroleum and petrochemical industries, J.G.A. Bitter 381
vii
5. Integrated dual and multiple separation systems applying combined
separation techniques, M. Mitrovic 393
6. Removal of volatile organic components from air by means of
membrane technology, L.J. Kuijvenhoven 407
7. Hybrid membrane systems in the synthesis of specialties based on
new vegetable oils, F.P. Cuperus, H.H. Nijhuis, B.G. Muuse
and J.T.P. Derksen 417
8. Single and multi-component transport through metal-supported
MFI zeolite membranes, W.J.W. Bakker, G. Zheng, F. Kapteijn,
M. Makkee, J.A. Moulijn, E.R. Geus and H. van Bekkum 425
CHAPTER 8. TRANSIENT OPERATIONS
1. Transient operation of fixed bed catalytic reactors, G.F. Froment 437
2. The selective catalytic reduction of NO. in a reverse flow reactor:
a quick design procedure, R.P.M. Guit 453
3. Transient phenomena in three-way catalysis, E.S. Lox,
D. Lindner and B.H. Engler 463
4. A transient kinetic study of the CO-oxidation over a Cu-Cr
catalyst, F.H.M. Dekker, M.C. Dekker, F. Kapteijn, J.A. Moulijn
and A. Bliek 473
5. Pressure Swing Adsorption - the optimization of multiple bed units,
I. Rousar, M. Cekal and P. Ditl 483
6. Heterogeneous bioconversion of ionic compounds,
L.A.M. van der Wielen, M.J. van Buel and K.Ch.A.M. Luyben 493
CHAPTER 9. PROCESS MONITORING
1. On-line process analysis for bioreactor control, K. Schiigerl 503
2. Sampling and analysis of dioxins, dibenzofurans and PCBs from
incinerators, C. Rappe, S. Marklund, I. Flingmark and B. van Bavel 517
3. Application of nc and 150 positron emitters in exhaust catalysis
research, G. Jonkers, K.A. Vonkeman and S.W.A. van der Wal 533
4. Membrane inlet mass spectrometry as an analytical tool for
monitoring industrial emissions and processes, R.J.B. Peters 553
viii
CHAPTER 10. PROCESS MODELLING AND CONTROL
1. Process control: a challenge to chemical process engineers,
P.J. de Jong 561
2. Progress in pollution prevention through precision process
modeling, design, and operation, W.H. Ray 569
3. Simultaneous process and system control design: an actual
industrial case, S.M.A.M. Bouwens and P.H. Kosters 589
4. On-line reactor monitoring for precision process control,
H.J. Versteeg and H.J. Boonstra 601
5. Important issues in batch process automation: automation in recipe
improvement, P.G.A. Bus, A.L. Verhagen and H.M.J. Ramaekers 611
6. Real-time expert systems for process supervision, C. Yousfi 621
7. Neural nets for process control, P. Langonnet 631
CHAPTER 11. MISCELLANEOUS CONTRIBUTIONS TO ENHANCED
PRECISION
1. New centrifuge design leads to more efficient de-oiling of
produced water, R. Plat and W.M.G.T. van den Broek 641
2. Application of the Peng-Robinson equation of state to calculate
interfacial tensions and profiles at fluid interfaces,
P.M.W. Cornelisse, C.J. Peters and J. de Swaan Arons 651
3. Liquid-liquid-vapour phase equilibria in the system methane +
ethane + eicosane: precision in establishing complex phase behaviour,
P.J. Smits, J. Gregorowicz, Th.W. de Loos and J. de Swaan Arons 661
4. Application of styrene-degrading fungi in biofilters,
H.H.J. Cox, H.J. Doddema and W. Harder 671
5. Pollution prevention ..... a key to a durable cleaner production,
H.B. Gels 675
6. Dimensionally stable anodes with a long lifetime for
electroflotation, R. Mraz and J. Krysa 681
CHAPTER 12. THE ROLE OF SERENDIPITY IN RESEARCH AND
DEVEWPMENT
Serendipity: its origin, history, domains, traditions, patterns,
appearances and programmability, M. V. van Andel 689
ix
APPENDIX ABSTRACTS
1. Oleochemicals, trends and opportunities, J.W.J. Gielen and
L.H. Staal 705
2. Process integration of production and product retrieval,
M.L. Jansen, J.P.F. de Bruijn, A.J.J. Straathof,
K.Ch.A.M. Luyben and W.J.J. van den Tweet 707
INDEX 709
PREFACE
The Delft University of Technology, the oldest and largest technical university in the
Netherlands, celebrated its 150th anniversary in 1992. In the recent past, the university
has been increasingly extending its research efforts beyond purely academic and
technological subjects by also focussing on social questions. In view of the growing world
population the prevalent questions currently posed by society frequently concern the quality
of the environment and the sustainability of our natural resources. The environmental
question, in fact, encompasses a multitude of technical and scientific questions and cannot
be solved unless the various experts involved are prepared to cooperate in integrated
research efforts. With this in mind, in 1990 the inter-faculty Delft University Clean
Technology Institute, Interduct, was established to coordinate environment and energy
related research at the Delft University of Technology.
The aims of Interduct in taking the initiative to organize the first international conference
on precision process technology were to emphasize the scientific challenges posed by the
environmental question and to demonstrate the need for an integrated approach. Rather
than making an attempt to tackle all aspects of the environmental question, however, the
programme committee decided to focus on the challenges posed to process engineering
research. Chemical process engineering involves a variety of disciplines. Experience in the
academic world and in industrial practice has taught us how difficult it is to orchestrate
the efforts of the various experts in such a way that a harmonious symphony of economic
and environmental illterests is created. In musical terminology, the conference might be
compared with an overture in which each of the instruments introduces its individual
contribution to the main theme, thus 'preparing the audience for the plot of the play'
(Gluck).
The success of the conference was evident from the enthusiasm of both the lecturers and
the delegates. In particular the exchange of new ideas and tools amongst the various
disciplines was highly appreciated. Rather than merely demonstrating how the current
limitations of chemical engineering science are being extended in each of the various
individual disciplines, the conference illustrated the added value of an integrated approach
and generated a wealth of ideas for integrated research and process development. Although
'the plot of the play' has not yet been revealed, the contributions to the conference did
provide more than a glimpse of the precision process symphony.
The conference was organized under the auspices of the European Federation of Chemical
Engineering (EFChE), the Royal Netherlands Chemical Society (KNCV), the Royal
Institution of Engineers in the Netherlands (Kivi) and the Netherlands Association of
Engineers (NIRIA). The programme committee gratefully acknowledges the financial
support by the Dutch process industry. Shell, Akzo and Unilever generously sponsored the
conference, together with the Dutch Electricity Generating Board (Sep), Tebodin and
Grontmij. The organizers further wish to thank the Foundation Hoogewerff Fund, which
celebrated its 75th anniversary in 1992, and the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and
Sciences (KNA W) for their financial contributions. DSM expressed its appreciation of the
conference theme by granting awards for the best scientific poster presentations.
The editors gratefully acknowledge the contribution of their colleagues in the scientific
programme committee of the conference. They also wish to thank Heleen Kakes-van der
xi
xii
Giesen, Ria Komen-Zimmerman and Yvette van den Bosch for their valuable assistance
in the planning and organization of the conference. Last but not least, the editors
particularly wish to extend a word of thanks to the authors of the conference papers. It is
thanks to their efforts that the conference was a success and that we are able to share our
enthusiasm for precision process technology with those who could not attend the
conference.
We hope this volume of proceedings will inspire you to cope with the environmental
challenge in the new tradition of precision process engineering.
M.P.C. Weijnen
A.A.H. Drinkenburg
