Table Of ContentVolume 55, Number4 171
lanthus rigidus (Benth.) Jeps. (Orobanchaceae) (also Mattoni, R., G. F. Pratt, T. R. Lonccore, J. F. Emmel &J. N.
a new food plant for the species) and Plantago erecta George. 1997. Theendangeredquinocheckerspotbutterfly,
Euphydryasedithaquino (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Res.
duringthe springs of1999 and2001 (GFPpers. obs.). Lepid.34:99-118. J.
W
Recent molecular studies suggest these food plants Olmstead, R. G.,C. Depamphilis,A. D.Wolfe, N. D.Young,
(Cordylanthus and Plantago) are more distantly re- W. J. Elisons & P. A. Reeves. 2001. Disintegration ofthe
Scrophulariaceae.Amer. Bot.88(2):348-361.
lated (separate families) than are Antirrhinum and Rogers, G. 1997. EndanJg.ered and threatened wildlife and
J.
Plantago (same family) (Olmstead et al. 2001). The plants: determination of endangered status for the Laguna
food plant therefore may not be the most important Mountains skipper and quino checkerspot butterfly. Federal
RegisterJanuary16, 1997Vol.62:2313-2322.
characterusedto distinguish Euphydryas editha sub- Singer,M.C. 1971. Evolutionoffood-plantpreferenceinthebut-
species. terflyEuphydryaseditha. Evol.25:383-389.
. 1972. Complexcomponentsofhabitatsuitabilitywithina
AlisonAnderson,GregBallmer,DaveHawks,GuyBruyea,Chris butterflycolony. Science 176:75-79.
Nagano, Brenda McMillan, andJohn Enimelhaveprovidedinfor- . 1982. Quantificationofhostpreferencebymanipulationof
mationonpresentandhistoricalpopulations. CeciliaL. Pierceas- ovipositionbehaviorinthebutterflyEuphydryaseditha.Oeco-
sistedtheseniorauthoron much of the fieldwork. We thankFred logia52:224-229.
Sproul forfindingandprovidinginformation on the newlvdiscov- White, R. R. 1974. Foodplantdefoliationandlarvalstarvationof
ered San Vicente Reservoir population, Steve Meyers, Chet Mc- Euphydryaseditha.Oecologia14:307-315.
Gaugh,andMikeWilcoxforfindingandprovidinginformationona
poonpaulpaotpiuolnatnioornthsoouftAhnwzeas,toafnAdnzSaa.mWReeetdhafnokrApnrdo)v-idSianngdeirnsfofromraatllioonf Gordon F. Pratt, Department ofEntomology, Uni-
dieplantidentifications.WealsothankBobLuckforallofhishelp versity of California, Riverside, California 92521,
and support. This research was largely supported by a Fish and USA, Eric W. Hein, 1515 Cassidy Street, Oceanside
GamegrantwiththeaccounttideofCDFGFG7182ESLUCK6/98. California 92054, USA, and Douglas M. Krofta,
Literature Cited 1361 BluegrassRd, Vista, California 92083, USA
W
Garth,J. S. &J. Tilden. 1986. Californiabutterflies. Univer- Receivedforpublication 8January 2000; revisedandaccepted22
sityofCaliforniaPress,Berkeley,California,246pp. October2001.
JournaloftheLepidopterists'Society
55(4),2001,171-174
PRECEDENCE OF CATOCALALOUISEAE BAUER, 1965 AS A NOMEN PROTECTUM OVER
CATOCALA PROTONYMPHA BOISDUVAL, 1840 (NOCTUIDAE)
ABSTRACT. ThenameCatocalaprotonympha BoisduvalhasheretoforebeenconsideredajuniorsynonymofthePalearcticspeciesCato-
calafulminea Scopoli. ExaminationofBosiduval'stypeandrelevantliteraturedemonstratesthatCatocalaprotonymphaisinfactadisusedse-
niorsynonymoftheNearcticspeciesCatocalalouiseaeBauer.Article23.9.2oftheCodeisinvokedtogiveprecedencetotheestablishedname
Catocalalouiseae, andmaintainnomenclaturalstabilityinthegenus.
Additionalkeywords: taxonomy,synonymy,types,Boisduval,Guenee,Staudinger,Culot.
In 1840, J. A. Boisduval described anewspecies of GueneesoriginalillustrationofCatocalaprotonympha
Catocala Schrank (1802) as Catocalaprotonympha, as is reproduced here in Fig. lc. Guenee also remarked
follows: "Species distinctissima antennis crassioribus on the apparent extraordinary rarity ofprotonympha:
dentatis; statura Callinympha; alae posticae fere ut "C'estjusqu'ici, unedesplusgrandesraretes. Pourtant,
apudjam dictam; anticae cinereo-fuscae fasciisvix an- M. Begrand m'a affirme avoirvu, sur un mur, au bois
gulosis" [A species very distinct, by thick dentate an- de Boulogne, unecertainequantitedepetites Catocala
tennae; sizeofcallinympha; hindwingsaboutthesame jaunesquinepouvaientappartenirqu'acetteespece, la
as with those I have already described; forewings ash paranympha, aveclaquellelaconfusionestimpossible"
grey-brown with bands slightly angled]. The type lo- [Uptonow, itisoneofthegreatrarities. However, Mr.
calitywas listed as "P." [=Paris, France]. Begrandispositiveabouthavingseenacertainnumber
Guenee (1852:103) figured protonympha on his of small yellow Catocala on a wall in the Boulogne
Plate 15, Fig. 2, comparingitto Catocalaparanympha woods, they necessarily belonged to the species
L., which is a synonym ofthe widespread Palearctic paranympha withwhichnoconfusion ispossible].
species Catocalafulminea (Scopoli 1763), and stated Subsequently, Catocala protonympha was listed
"Environs de Paris, en aout. Coll. Bdv. Un 6" [vicinity with questionable provenience by Berce (1870:242):
ofParis,inAugust. CollectionofBoisduval. Onemale]. "est regardee comme douteuse parbeaucoup de lepi-
172 Journalofthe Lepidopterists' Society
Fig.parJ.CULOT
PI.:, Fitj.
ua.4^/k-^4j**^j(.c,
, ~fys?tA-~ ElixraObHourtsl..luDrWO-.I8J..
Fig. 1. CatocalaprotomjmphaBoisduval 1840.a,maletypeintheNaturalHistoryMuseum(London),approx.3/4size,b,specimenlabels
onthetype,c,paintingofthetypebyGuenee(1852).
dopteristes" [is seen as doubtful by many lepidopter- meparaittemerairedelarattacherspecifiquement
ists], and the possibility of a hybrid or misattributed a cette derniere. Grace a la si large obligeance de
specimen was raised by Staudinger and Wocke mon ami M. Charles Oberthur, j'ai le plaisir de
(1871:138): "uno c^ condita; an Eutychea al. posteri- figurer ici le typeprotonympha de Boisduval. . . .
oribus Hymenaeae adulterata? an sp. exotica?" [one En resume,je vois dans laprotonympha Bdv. une
male preserved; is it eutychea or otherwise from de- especetresparticuliere, don'tonneconnait quele
scendants of a cross with hymenaea?; or an exotic seul exemplaire 6 figure ici et qui fut capture aux
species?]. Despite the fact that Guenees illustration of environs de Paris. C'est un cas evidemment fort
protomjmpha does not resemble Catocalafulminea in rare en entomologie, mais a moins qu'il ne s'agisse
eithersizeorpattern, Staudingerand Rebel(1901:249) d'une erreurdon'tj'ignorerais lasource,je ne puis
later placed protomjmpha as a dwarfed aberration of trouber aucune autre solution." [As for the so-
fulminea, believingthenthat Guenee's illustrationwas called form protonympha Bdv, it seems to be
wanting: "t. 15, f. 2 [fig. non quadrat bene]; (sec. mostly unknown to entomologists and in no way
specim. typ. Stgr. ab. nana esse videtur)" [the figure corresponds to the example presented under this
does notagreewell; accordingtothe type specimenof name in Plate 57, line D ofSeitz'work. As faras I
Staudinger from which it seems to be dwarf]. Both am concerned, I considerprotonympha Bdv. tobe
Spuler (1908) and Hampson (1913) also treated so different fromfulminea thatit seems farfetched
protomjmpha as an aberration offulminea, and in the torelateitspecificallytodiatspecies.Thankstothe
Seitz (1913:319) volume on Palearctic noctuids, War- kindnessofmyfriendCharles Oberthur, Ihavethe
ren treated protomjmpha as a form offulminea. The pleasuretoillustrateherethetypeofprotonympha
Seitz figure ofprotonympha is nearly identical to the by Boisduval. ... In short, I see in protomjmpha
Seitz figure offulminea (both appear on Plate 57 row Bdv. a very particular species ofwhich only one
D), the formerdifferingfromthelatteronlynominally male specimen, illustratedhere, is known andthat
in having the hindwing ground color lighter and the was captured around Paris. It is naturally a case
hindwing medial band somewhat reduced. seldom seen in entomology, but I cannot tiiink of
Culot (1913:201-203, Plate 77, Fig. 4) refigured anyothersolutionexceptforamistakethatIcannot
Boisduval's type of protonympha, and correctly explain].
pointed out that the type did not at all resemble the
Seitz figures ofprotonympha orfulminea. Although DespiteCulots misgivings, inlatersystematicworks
Culotclearlyfeltprotonympha sendfulmineawere dif- the name protonympha has also been listed as a syn-
ferent, and that some sort oferror might be involved, onym offulminea (e.g., Lhomme 1923-1935, Poole
he left the taxonomic position of protonympha un- 1989, Hacker 1990), orhasbeenomittedfromthe syn-
changed, as he was unable to resolve fully the puzzle onymyoffulminea, even inworks covering France or
that Boisduval's specimen presented: nearby areas (e.g., Bergmann 1954, Forster &
Wolfhart 1971, Leraut 1980). The most recent use of
"Quantalasoi-distantformeprotonympha Bdv, the name protonympha as a valid species name ap-
elleparaitetre fortpeuconnue des entomologistes pears tobe by StaudingerandWocke (1871).
et ne correspond en aucune facon a l'exemplaire In 1965, Bauerdescribed Catocala louiseae as anew
reproduit soue ce nom surla Planche 57, ligne D, Nearctic species from Florida. This local andgenerally
de l'ouvrage de Seitz. Pour ma part, je trouve la uncommon Catocala occurs primarilyin the southeast-
protonympha Bdv. si differente defulminea qu'il ern United States, from North Carolinato Florida and
Volume 55, Number4 173
westward along the Gulf Coast to Texas. The name protonympha for louiseae Bauer (1965) would upset
louiseae has been usedexclusivelyforthis species, hav- established nomenclatural usage. Since the provisions
ing appeared in catalogues treating Nearctic (Hodges ofboth Articles 23.9.1.1 and 23.9.1.2 ofthe Code ap-
1983) andHolarcticNoctuidae (Poole 1989),abookde- pear to be met, the name Catocala louiseae Bauer
voted to Catocala (Sargent 1976), a moth field guide (1965) isherebygivenprecedenceperArticle23.9.2as
(Covell 1984), the experimental zoological literature anomen protectum overits disusedseniorsubjective
(Gall 1991), regional surveys and compilations (Cro- synonym Catocala protonympha Boisduval (1840),
martie&Schweitzer1997),andinnumerousshorterre- which becomes anomen oblitum.
ports on Catocala distributions and life histories in the WethankMartinHoneyforhishospitalityattheNatural History
News ofthe Lepidopterists' Society and the Southern Museum (London), andforprovidingaccessto specimen material
Lepidopterists' News (e.g., Baggett 1994, Neal 1999). there.Julie Harvey, Michael PogueandJohn Rawlinschaseddown
We recently located Boisduval's type specimen of several literature leads. Louis Hanfield assisted with the French
translations, and Stephanie Spaulding, Leo HickeyandVictorBers
Catocala protonympha at the Natural History Mu- with the Latin. Don Lafontaine offered helpful comments on the
seum, London in one of the "miscellaneous" type manuscript.
drawers. The male type (Fig. la) bears the following Literature Cited
labels (Fig. lb): "Catocala/protonympha/Paris, type"; Baggett, H. D. 1994. Current zone reports. Zone IV Florida.
"Vu par/Staudinger/Catalogue 1900"; "Fig. par CU- NewsSo. Lepid. Soc. 16:14.
J.
LOT/Noct et Geom d'Europe/Pl. 77 Fig. 4"; "EX Bauer,J. 1965. AnewCatocala from Florida(Lepidoptera: Noc-
MUSAEO/BOISDUVAL"; "Ex Oberthur Coll./Brit. Bercteu,idaeE).. E1n8t7o0m.olF.auNneewsEn7t6o:m1o9l7o-g19i8q.ueFrancaiseLepidopteres.
Mus. 1927-3." The type is in fact a specimen in good QuaJt.riemeVolume:Heteroceres,Noctuae.ChezDeyrolleFils,
condition of Catocala louiseae, and not an aberrant Paris.256pp.
Bergmann,A. 1954. Die Grosschmetterlinge Mitteldeutschlands.
dwarfedspecimen ofCatocalafulminea. Band4/2. Eulen. Urania-Verlag,Jena.479pp.
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local and generally uncommon Nearctic Catocala ropaeorumLepidopterorum. Roret,Paris.238pp.
Covell, C. V. 1984. A fieldguide tothe moths ofeastern North
species, this explains priorlepidopterists' difficulties in America. Houghton Mifflin,Boston.496pp.
placingprotonympha as a Palearctictaxon, andthe ab- Cromartie, J. & D. F. Schweitzer. 1997. Catocala louiseae, C.
sence ofany Palearctic specimens other than Boisdu- grisatra and C.jair (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in North Car-
val's type. The type locality of Paris, France for Culootl,ina.E1n9t1o3m-o1l9.17N.ewNsoc1t0u8e:l3l8e9s-3e9t0.Geometres d'Europe. Pre-
protonympha is undoubtedlyerroneous, and likelythe mierJe. Partie. Noctuelles.Vol.2. Oberthur, Rennes.243pp.
result ofalabelingerror or other misattribution. Bois- Forster, W. & T. A. Wohlfart. 1971. Die Schmetterlinge Mit-
duval's type could evenbe one ofJohnAbbot's 18th or Gallt,elLe.uroFp.as1.99E1u.leEnv(oNloucttiuoindaarey).eWco.loKeglylero,fSstyutmtpgaatrrt.ic32C9atpopc.ala
early 19th century Lepidopteraspecimens from Geor- moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). III. Experiments on female
gia, as Catocala louiseae inhabits the counties in Geor- ovipositionpreference.J. Res. Lepid.29:217-233.
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in one of his unpublished watercolors in the Oemler Paris.441pp.
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is stylized, it matches the typewell, andis nevertheless northofMexico. Univ. Press,Cambridge.284pp.
recognizable aslouiseae. Staudingerand Rebel's (1901) Leraut, P. 1980. Listesystematiqueetsynonymiquedeslepidop-
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mischaracterization of Guenee's illustration seems all ment):1-334.
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nameprotonympha has neverappeared in the Nearc- ScopoZlwie,yteAAb.thi1l76u3n.genE.ntKorumloll,oIgnigaolsCtaardnti.ol1i7c3appE.xhibens Insecta
tic Catocala literature, and reintroducing the name CarnioJl.iae IndigenaetDistributeinOrdines, Genera, Species,
174 Journalofthe Lepidopterists' Society
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